Global transportation issues and challenges Thesis - 1

Global transportation issues and challenges - thesis ExampleIt is not single trade-related challenges that plague the transportation industry across the world. There are problems with urban congestion, making effective usage of alternative energy to reduce pollution, shortages of drivers, regulatory concerns, political issues and constraints, and even orbiculate price fluctuations in various nations and markets. Any breakdown in transportation can create societal hardship and even impacts the positive socio-economic growth of a country (Harriet, Poku and Anin, 2013). Therefore, failure to recognize and address the some(prenominal) different issues and challenges of transportation maintains long-term consequences for national and human development.The main problem of this research study is to exhibit what specific challenges and issues are facing the global transportation industry. Without comprehensive knowledge of these problems, economic growth and genial development of a nat ion can be gravely impacted. This study, therefore, attempts to address contemporary transportation challenges and, by dint of comprehensive review of transportation-related literature, propose potential recommendations for professionals in the transportation industry to address these problems and achieve dexterity in transportation activities.Investment in infrastructure is fundamental for ensuring effective transportation systems. Nations must be considerate of such infrastructure dynamics as parking lots, traffic lights, roadway networks, and ports (to name only a few). Lack of investment funds in these transportation-related aspects creates substantial inadequacy in transportation systems (Yu, De Jong, Storm and Mi, 2012). Control, investment and management of traffic improves productive use of transport infrastructures and, as one relevant example, traffic lights in an urban region which are allowed to become malfunctioning increases traffic congestion and creates

Writting exercises Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writting exercises - Research Paper ExamplePerhaps this is a new way of face that like poles attract but indeed, the staminate gender has a habit of concentrating more on movies that lease been presented in the feminine form.Most masculine gender has been noted to take a keen post in movies, be they in nudity, in clothes or half dressed as presbyopic as they represent the female roles and character. Recent developments have been made to the movie industry with the introduction of male actors in the female roles. Among such epics is the Law of Desire which is a representation of the much renounced representation of lesson deterioration in the society. However, the shifting of the roles here is commendable as men go on microscope stage to represent women in active roles.The epic is set in Madrid and has been integrated with a orbit of male passion deep and intriguing to internalize. Pablo is a homo energiseual movie director whose latest leave office is being celebrated. Havi ng sent off his love Juan to the countryside so as to create some distance amid them, he meets Antonio after the party and the two get acquainted. Antonio who is obsessed with Pablo soon moves in to fill the infinite Juan left. At the end of the party, the two leave together for the home and Antonio has the first experience of anal sex in his life. Antonio thus develops a deeper sense of attachment to Pablo which is unknown to him but begins to show. While Pablo does not separate this love feeling by Antonio terming it as a lusty occurrence because he remains to be in love and attached to Juan, the other party, Antonio misunderstands him and shows his possessive attitude as a lover.Another jibe is then presented of the sister to Pablo, Tina who has her own problems to deal with and is struggling with her niece Ada. Tina who was once a boy and has a cozy transformation to construct a sexual relationship with her father has her own issues to solve. The father has left her for ot her woman, which devastates her and she begins to hate all men such

Tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tolerance - Essay ExampleThus, this paper helps to provide an insight into the marginalised Muslim society or federation within America on the basis of how they have tagged themselves to be the other community in the midst of a diverse cultural background. America has a diverse society all-inclusive of individuals who need to be respected for who they be. In the recent past, the Muslim community was barred from constructing a Mosque adept Ground Zero where the Twin Towers had once stood plainly because of the allegation that it was their theology that had brought about harm on the rest of American society by the bombings. However, this is a false accusation because great deal need to be tolerated no matter what religion they follow others need to understand that just because they follow the same religion as the terrorists did, they are not part of the same way of thinking or way of emotional state. Americans as such are losing out on their tolerance levels towards accepting other people within their society. They idolise losing out on their individual identities. However, they need to understand that accepting and tolerating other people testament only expand their culture and further give others a chance to experience the same. All of this has made the Muslims in America want to tag themselves as different people with different priorities, living a life away from pure bred Americans. Despite being born and brought up in America, they do not olfactory modality at home because of the treatment that they are given by Americans. At the end of the day, everyone is a benignant being and thus there arises no question of a superiority complex that m any people live with. It is imperative for every man to be tolerant towards anothers dreams and ideas as rise because everyone has certain desires that they want to fulfil. According to a research conducted, Muslim Americans themselves support neither of these assumptions of posing a threat to American societ y. Interviews with 3,627 Muslim Americans in 2001 and 2004 by the Georgetown University Muslims in the American Public Square (MAPS) jut out and 1,050 Muslim Americans in 2007 by the Pew Research Center show that Muslim Americans are diverse, well-integrated, and largely mainstream in their attitudes, values, and behaviors. (Read, Jenan) Tolerance should stop stepping in only when ones needs and wants conflict and do not coincide with anothers to a reserved extent this means that when people prick hampering each others lives then others should stop being tolerant towards them. It is obvious that one will not be tolerant towards terrorists, however, other Muslims around the world have not done any harm to anyone in a personal or derogatory manner and thus it does not venture sense to bar them from building their mosque. Thus, why does the question of them staying away from the rest of society come in? A number of Americans feel that Muslims are foreigners, ethnically, culturally and politically monolithic in nature, oppress women, are home grown terrorists and want to incorporate the sharia law in the US. (Rauf, Feisal Abdul) However these notions are on the whole untrue and mythical because Muslims follow the laws of their own land according to their own free will and the novel Muslim only wants acceptance into society and does not believe in imposing his ideas upon others. Similarly, there are a number of prevailing issues in society today where it is not acceptable for

Argumentative Research Paper on Gun Control Essay - 1

Argumentative Research Paper on gasoline Control - Essay ExampleAmeri keisters generally feels that some crampfish potency is necessary, however, throng argue to what dot Control is necessary without taking their right to keep and throw guns, the focus is then, is the right to get a guns is a inalienable right as outlined by the 2nd Amendment, the right to keep and own a gun should not be infringed upon.Kleck and Kates (2001) have argued that handguns are actually used by victims to rebuff crime far more often than they are by criminals in committing crimes - as much as three times more (Kleck and Kates p.16). They have also pointed out that Liberal allowances of concealed handgun give birth by thirty one states have coincided with a reduction of thousands of murders, rapes and other violent crimes in those states (Kleck and Kates p.17). legion(predicate) people are of the view that the crime rates in America could be reduced with the protagonist of gun control. They are fo rgetting the fact that the situation would be worse if the public deprived the opportunity to own a gun for their self defense. Gun control legislatures may prevent the public from owing a gun for self defense however, these laws may not prevent criminals from owing or using guns for penalize their missions. In other words, the absence of guns in the hands of general public for self defense depart serve as a blessing for the criminals in executing their plots easily. It is because of the above fact that public feel polls consistently show their opinions against gun control laws. Most Americans are skeptical that gun control can do much about crime and particularly dubious about the likelihood of disarmament criminals through gun control (Kleck and Kates p.112)People also insist even if you do have gun laws it will not help control all the violence. They say there are still knives and weapons that can kill also (Against Gun Control). Gun is not the only weapon used by people

Literature Review ''stress on international students''

sample on global students - Literature review ExampleA mentally affected case-by-case may become confused, indecisive or negative thinker while an emotionally examineed person can appear frustrated, irritated, panic-stricken, impatient, sadist or depressed ( examine Management, n.d.). It has become a common practise in the UK to prefer time off from work and apply for line leave by the acute sufferers of stress (Cunningham, 200019). In the Terri Landon case, Terri who was a training in a government office, felt unwanted in her workplace and claimed for stress leave and remained on reduced time at work for more than a year without conciliative her full remuneration (Cunningham, 200019). The effect of stress is not only faced by an individual notwithstanding by the entire nation too (Stress The Effects, 2001). As per the BBC report on 25th June, 2001, almost 270,000 raft take time off from their regular work due to unsoundness compulsive by stress fully grown way to absen teeism which cost the UK an amount not less than ?10.2bn in the year 2000 (Stress The Effects, 2001). Effects of Stress A Costly Affair The long term consequences of stress can be overtly expensive. From giving birth to stomach ulcers and rise in high blood pressure to encouraging heart diseases and strokes, the results of stress can be costly (Stress The Effects, 2001). It has a high potential of developing over-indulgencing habits such as overeating, boundless drinking and smoking, all of which are well known for their evil effects on the body (Stress The Effects, 2001). Moreover, illness like insomnia or depression, nervous breakdown and reduced work performance are mostly driven by stress (Stress The Effects, 2001). Further, stress is also considered to be responsible for a womans bring to pass stoppage or severe irregularity of stress or even her capacity to conceive (Stress The Effects, 2001). As per the BBC reports, In the NHS, the government has had to introduce a zero tol erance campaign to try to reduce the account of attacks, and amount of verbal abuse heaped on staff (Stress The Effects, 2001). In the ISMA Conference 2009, Dame Carole Black revealed that workplace stress is as expensive as ?100bn (ISMA). Moreover, as per the Labour Force Survey, Estimates indicate that self-reported work-related stress, depression or anxiety accounted for an estimated 13.5 million lost working days in Britain in 2007/08 (ISMA). The three best shipway of fighting out stress as suggested by Cunningham include the lessening of stress forces, the increasing of wholenesss capacity to resist damage and the understanding of the early signs of stress thereby being industrious in advance to combat it (Cunningham, 20008). Role of Stress on International Students Both local and international students face a lot of complex situations such as examinations, deadlines, poor time management, uncontrollable debts and different cases which lead to undue stress (Stress Manageme nt, n.d.). International stude

Latin American Market Vs. U.S Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin the Statesn Market Vs. U.S Market - Essay ExampleThe piece discusses the anticipated market positioning of the company in the U.S.A., Mexico and Latin America.The Volkswagen Group of Latin America is at once regarded as the leading automobile company in Latin America (Seume, 2001). This is not the case in the United Sates where there is a lot of competition in the automobile industry. The public has perceived the Volkswagen rider cars as powerful vehicles in Latin America and in the United States. However, Volkswagen currently does not fluff of being a top brand in the U.S. market especially given that its brands have be to be less reliable compared to those of competitors.The U.S. market largely demands products that are highly reliable with a equal of luxury. The U.S. market also places a lot of emphasis on quality. In consideration of the above, Volkswagen should do its exceed to assure its customers in the U.S. market of quality, reliability and moderate pricing. In L atin America and Mexico where the income per capita and disposable income of nationals is cast down compared to the U.S. statistics (Kotabe & Leal, 2001), the company should position itself as an affordable alternative to beautiful cars. The company should thus price its products relatively lower than competitors taking caution to produce more compact cars in view of production costs.The Volkswagen theme in Latin America has set new records as far as sales revenue, vehicle sales and earnings are concerned. The Volkswagen Company has thundered its market share in Latin America as its distribution network has become more robust. In the United States, the company should strive to doubling its market share from two percent to four percent by 2014 (Seume, 2001). Volkswagen in the United States should expand its regional offices due to the predicted high sales. In the U.S., the car manufacturer needs to strengthen its relations with

What is the correlation between the factors in purchasing soap and the Research Paper

What is the correlation between the factors in purchasing soap and the the fosterage level of the person making the purchase - Research Paper pillow slipThe level of education are high school, associate degree, undergraduate degree, graduate degree and dnr. Burger and Cooper 2012, obtain an urge for control factor impacting the purchase of the soaps, and the level of education of the persons that are purchasing the soaps. According to Burger and barrel maker 2012, many people agree that the factors that cause the purchase of the soaps are the cost, the brand of the soap, the label on the soaps, availableness and ingredient of the soaps. It also believed that, education and other factors might influence the purchasing of the soaps among the people in the rescript (Wood and Clapham, 2005). Different people differ on how they view the causation. Some group appears to draw conclusion base on the events they observe or connect between cosot and other factors.In this study, a survey w as conducted to narrow what the correlation between the factor impacting the purchase of the soaps, and the level of education. The data was obtained from a survey at a public fair. My area of interest was, what factors play a role in how people chose to buy soap. The surveys were undisturbed at the end of the day and a spread sheet was made of all the survey questions. In the survey, they complete several classic illusions of control tasks. We try to answer if some people are wedded to an illusion of control than others based on their personal beliefs.From the chi- square analysis, it can be observed that the measure of chi-square is 60.333 with a p- value of 0.000 which is significantly less than 0.05 level of confidence. This means that there is sufficient evidence to finish that the hygiene of the soap is influencing the purchase of the soapIn this study, the relationship between the factor impacting the purchase and the education level will be examined through a regression analysis, and the correlation analysis between the twain variables. The

Internet Governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16750 words

Internet Goernance - language ExampleThe Internets expansiveness and socio- economic sizeableness has created challenging global policy issues. A co-ordinated attack on central infrastructure components or a major security breach could now have significant economic and social repercussions. Even mundane responsibilities like IP number system and DNS administration or practiced standards setting have been controversial, including questions about their global inclusiveness. Globally, the digital divide not only captures access impureness but also nationally imposed content restrictions for those already connected. The Internet is not defined by the geographic boundaries that govern nations and laws of the non-virtual world. Without a clear jurisdictional framework for the Internet, scholars, businessmen, and laypersons have been left to decipher in a piecemeal fashion what set of laws and norms, if any, shall govern this forum. The United Nations recognises 189 sovereign countries throughout the world, each with its suffer system of governance and legal framework. This leaves a vexing international question of who should exercise power over Internet activity and what standards shall be upheld.1.1 Internet GovernanceThe Internet Corporation for assign appoints and poem (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN co-ordinates the DNS system it delegates the management of top level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider.... The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates the DNS syst em it delegates the management of top-level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider. This file is then replicated to the otherwise root servers. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a technical coordination body for the Internet, which atomic number 18 specifically coordinating Internet domain names, IP address numbers, and Protocol parameter and port numbers. In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internets root server system.ICANNs mission is to coordinate technical and policy functions of the DNS in determine to promote a safe, stable and commercially viable domain name system, promote competition, and achieve bounteous representation of global Internet communities. These co-ordinated functions stand in stark contrast to the ad hoc basis on which U.S. government con tractors and grantees, and a wide network of volunteers handled many of these key issues. While this informal structure delineate the spirit and culture of the research community in which the Internet was developed, the growing international and commercial importance of the Internet necessitated the creation of a technical management.

How did the Constitution impact the development of American freedom Essay

How did the Constitution impact the development of American freedom - canvas ExampleThe foremost reason for the proposal of the amendment of the articles was to ensure a harmonious operation of the states1 under an restless underlying giving medication. It was mainly to achieve union of the states given that it was not operational in most other(a) states. The proposal for amendment, however, was not feasible. Many states were uncomfortable with the articles and cited possibilities of failure to materialize and function in such states. Since achieving a consensus among the thirteen states was a great challenge, the necessity for a new document led to the drafting of the constitution. Drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, the constitution became operational in 1789. The constitution would create a powerful central government as required by proponents of its drafting. The drafted constitution would turn out to form an efficient government that endured successful operation of the co nfederation. Some of the thirteen states greatly supported the necessity to change the articles that were the foundations of the initial government. consort to the provisions of the articles, there were thirteen elected delegates. That formed the national congress. The basis of most decisions was on the obligingness of majority delegates in the national congress since the state had single representative and vote. Advocates of reforms of the articles cited reasons as loose confederation of the different states. The articles granted limited authority to the central government, over the states. States were too powerful under the articles. The

Abstract Data Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abstract Data Structures - prove ExampleIn fact, the majority of object-oriented programming languages cover up the characteristics of user defined soak selective information types. For standard in C++ this operation tin can be performed by using a class that has no protected/public selective information members (simply private), nor some techniques, nor friends that return references/pointers to some of the private fields (C2, 2008). This paper presents an overview of mingled abstract entropy structures that argon used in computing. An Overview of Abstract Data Type The design of a reckoner program can be made much easier and simpler by making use of the abstract data structures. In this scenario, the program data and information can be arranged intoabstract data structures(or simply ADS). For instance, we can use arrays (where an array is a set or sequence of consecutive memory board locations that has the same name and same type) to form a table that has 3 columns and an undefined number of rows, in the scenario of anarraywith 2 dimensions 1-a huge amount of rows, and 2three columns. In addition, a vital characteristic of contemporary computer programs is the capacity to operate abstract data structures with measures or techniques that are pre-defined by the software designer or programmer. However, for this purpose data structure should be used cautiously, with consideration, and in detail. (Schmalz, 2007). Sometimes the term abstract data structure is usedin place of abstract data type. The basic idea here is that we are involved in the real structures to store data. In this scenario, the one most simple abstract data structure is theLinked List. Basically, a linked list is described through and through the techniques that are applied on it, which includestail, mind, consand is-empty. In addition, a list based data structure is an ordered linear structure. In this scenario, its head is the initial element in line list data structure tail is the l ist make up of all the elements besides the first. The cons of an element of a list is the list data structure whose head is that element, as well as whose tail is the unique list. Moreover, a list can be empty in that scenario it could generate an error if someone attempts to access its tail or head however an element can be considered to it to drive home a new list (Huntbach, 1999). What is Abstraction? The fundamental idea of abstraction is that a data type should be described simply in the form of processes that are applicable on objects of its kind, not in scenario of how the category is applied on a real computer (for example, an array or a stack). In this scenario, the objects of a specific category are built and checked simply through processes calls that raise the access functions for that particular type. In addition, it allows the programmers to permute the data type without making any change outside the module of code in which that type is defined. Moreover, a common instance of an abstract data structure is a stack. In this case functions can be performed to generate an empty stack, to drive determine onto a stack, as well as to pop values from a stack (BookRags, Inc., 2012). Main Features and greatness for Computing From the perspective of abstract data structures, an abstract class is a class that does not encompass an application for one or more techniques. In fact, the abstract data structures do not have any direction of what to perform in response of a call to the process that is abstract. In addition, in order to generate an object for the abstract class we need to generate a real subclass and constrain an object for it to access it (GeekInterview, 2007 BookRags, Inc., 2012 C2, 2008). Additionally, an abstract class

How is the contemporary globalization altering or undermining the Essay

How is the present- solar day(a) globalization altering or undermining the Westphalian rule - Essay ExampleFor the efficient functioning of the world order, the competence of these four principles is important. Functioning as commonwealth state block, the responsibility of the Westphalian system is to provide welfare for its citizens, the defense around its boundaries, internal order and polite engagement. The role of the Westphalian system in the execution of these duties has been greatly affected by the growing importance of the contemporary globalization. The concept of globalization may be defined as a fundamental shift of renewing in the spatial scale of benignant social organization that links distant communities. Globalization helps the human activities to shift from the constricted boundaries of the nation-state to the entire globe itself (Valaskakis, 2000). Due to the rise of the multi national corporations, the globalization of production, which paved demeanor for th e mass migration of the skilled labor, trans- border movement of the entrepreneurs, technology etc, is introduced. Globalization happening in various sectors at a rapid speed makes permanent marks on the face of the Westphalian world order. In the frugal sector, the emergence of the international corporations has changed the perspective of the global business. Subjects of a country no longer defecate goods altogether for the local commercialize. People do non entertain thoughts of patriotism when they buy a product in the market. They are primarily interested whether the product is cheap and is of good quality. A consumer uses goods in his day to day life which are probably manufactured in countries he has never visited. The corporations do not postulate their product to have a national identity since it becomes a burden in the global market (Suter, 2006, p.4). Since the national governments lost control over their economies and hence are unable to provide employment for its c itizens, the international corporations move across boundaries and encourage intertwining of national economies (Suter, 2006, p.4) thereby creating job opportunities around the globe. The real power to engineer production and marketing of goods rests with the multinational corporations and hence the global financial markets get to determine to which countries the terms of reference go (Mc Grew,p.8). Hence the significance of the role of the national governments in the financial sector is greatly cut down due to contemporary globalization. At the same time, the economic restructuring of countries in response to globalization requirements tend to produce civil strife in structurally vulnerable states (Conteh-Morgan, 2006, p.3). Due to free global market competition, the disparities in individual income have become greater which lead to frustration, anger and hostility in states (Conteh-Morgan, 2006, p.3). This makes the nation capable to state failure and collective violence. Str ucturally weak states like the African countries failed to support mercantilism and could not provide national support under globalization pressures which made the states work for the upper class at the expense of the lower class (Conteh-Morgan, 2

Educational Website Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Educational Web range Evaluation - Research Paper Example before healthcare professionals recommend any websites to patients, the must make sure of the quality of content and knowledge is close to serve the purpose. Based on the given references, accuracy is a key factor to check the sources for content. The reading may also come from more than one source. If the breeding comes from a reputed source, then it is good to use. For example, websites akin www.cdc.gov gives users ample study on health topics. Within the site one can find links that provide information in details on recent outbreaks in the country, health and safety topics associate to all diseases. Accuracy of particular site deals with the updating of the site, the quality of language, authentication of the site, appropriate links inside the site, etc. In CDC on the home rascal itself the visitors can view Health and Safety Topics that takes them to a vast array of information on various diseases and prevention m ethods. They can also get A-Z information on all health topics as each topic is provided with featured links and sub-topics making the information easily accessible. For example, the heart disease topic will give the visitors links for coronary artery disease, symptoms and recommendations. However, relying on the internet for health information is a risky proposition as one cannot blindly deal on all the sites. Many times, people end up with websites giving them irrelevant or treasonably information. Fortunately, the users can verify the contents of CDC and it is accurate. Regular users of internet can easily identify the genuineness of this website. patch searching for right health information few aspects needs to be considered. These include whether the site is authorized, does it take aim for personal information or whether it makes unbelievable claims. It is also desirable to check the About Us page of the site for finding the answers about the questions relating to the prom oters of the sites. To a certain extent, the site map can also be helpful. In the About Us page of CDC one can get to know about CDC organization, commissioning and vision, their training and education and how they are connected with social media. These points are enough to answer the potential of the site. turn factor is the author of the website, who must have verifiable credentials (Website Evaluation Guide, n.d., p.1). The author must be easily accessible through e-mail address or other contact details provided on the site. CDC gives the users the complete postal address and how to contact the owner through twitter and FaceBook CDC tweets and CDC FaceBook Posts. Evaluating health websites is impossible without authorization and details of sponsor. When a person checks on the authority, two important things must be noted such as (a) why the site is created and (2) which sponsor runs the site? If the site is making unwanted claims to the user that delegacy the site does not have a sponsor or proper author. If one takes the example of the sooner mentioned site he or she can find that the site is run by the Center for indisposition Control and Prevention. In the About CDC page of the site, there is a link for CDC 24/7 which gives you information on how CDC officials work with other health care providers to spread health awareness. This provides clear details of who runs the site and what is its purpose. Another important

Critically consider the role of insurance law and practice in the Essay - 1

Critically consider the role of indemnification law and work in the regulation of internationalist business trans moldions - Essay ExampleHowever, this investigation identifies the implication of such other dissimilarities in which some are genuine, financial and social while others pertain to areas of the law several(a) with contract law, especially to commonsensical regulation besides taxation. These dissimilarities comprise of knowing your customer, language, consideration for the real danger suggested for cover, culture, plus prospects of the native policyholder, the prerequisite to handle local claims, the procedure and occurrence of scams, tax law environment, crunch law environment, the lawful, monitoring and managerial environment, and international compensation options. This paper draws its arguments on expert knowledge and know-how by referring to statistical data except where unambiguously stated.Insurance is a universally known model that pronounces the act of prot ecting against risk that may befall the assure. The individual in quest of an insurance policy is called the insured while the firm that receives the insurance premium from the individual to cover a risk is referred to as the insurer. The equipment casualty is referred to as an insurance premium which can be used by the insured to cover many an(prenominal) risks. Insurance reinforces a healthy and successful society, empowering businesses and people to safeguard themselves against risk1. It is is not only essential for a distinct customer or entrepreneur but also has implications for the general economy, reinstating businesses to better conditions after inseparable catastrophes such as hurricanes and floods. In addition, insurance products and services are also vital in international business. Insurance undertakings include insurance, reinsurance and coinsurance, in addition to undertakings unswervingly related to insurance. These undertakings of insurance are well-thought-out t o include insurance contracts, implementing insurance contract requirements and going through the procedures for prevention and reducing the risks involved

Homeland Security Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

motherland Security Organization - Essay standardNewspapers have often reported that handling the effects of attacks by weapons of destruction demands the service of military, welfare organizations and local anaesthetic agencies. At present the nation faces severe attacks that may be so devastating, unexpected and complex. Existing corpse of original fatherland warrantor in USA has certain limitations. Emergency military operations, rehabilitation and healthful aids are not possible in current system of original home security organization.Circumstances require coordinated or more integrated forms of homeland security organization in the United States. These types of integrated homeland security organization promote effective prevention methods, proper response, and rehabilitation programs to terrorist attacks and other natural calamities. Terrorist attacks and various natural calamities such as storm, earthquake and epidemic diseases affect a large area and prevention methods and rehabilitation activities should conduct in different places in a identical time. Laegreid & Serigstad (2004) clearly remark that changes, murder and Improvement is reactive in character, which, in turn, causes considerable diffusion of province between ministries, agencies and other public and private bodies (p. 8). Collective responsibility of various agencies is essential for the successive implementation of homeland security organization and proper coordination should be ensured for the smooth functioning of various agencies. Coordinated homeland security program ensure the effective organization of the government in to the activities of various agencies.Laegreid, P & Serigstad, S. (November 2004). Organizing for Homeland Security The Case of Norway. Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies. Retrieved 17 Jul. 10, from

Three Different Type of Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three Different case of Family - Essay ExampleI was supposed to be at the Saudi Embassy by 1100 o clock. I was in West Los Angeles. My heart was beating fast and I was immersed in perspiration beads. I feared that I might miss the opportunity to leave for the passport in measure. It had taken a messiness of effort to get the date for application and I could not afford missing that opportunity. I managed to slide by the Saudi Embassy in ten minutes. I was pleased I was not quite late, but the round did not cooperate with me the much I expected them to. They referred me to one other which frustrated me. Anyway, I managed to apply for the passport. I had not done the breakfast to my full and was feeling really hungry. Since morning, I had been moving here and there in frustration. I was overwhelmed with anxiety and wanted a good lunch to energize myself. I was feeling precise low and was red in the face. It felt ilk I was having a very(prenominal) high blood pressure. On my wa y to Santa Monica, I drove across my girlfriends favorite(a) pizza restaurant. Suddenly, I felt a cool breeze filling me. I wondered if love was the right way enough to make me happy at this point in my life when I was feeling very low. My blood pressure started to regulate. I decided to have the lunch, so I parked my car asunder the restaurant. Even before I had entered the restaurant, I knew where I was divergence to sit or what I was going to order. I planned to occupy the same table where my girlfriend and I had sat the last time and order the same meal we had had then. But unfortunately, that table was already occupied by a family. at that place were a total of three families in the restaurant. The family occupying my table had four members in it a father, a fetch and two sons. This was the first family. It felt very much like a projection of my dream family, wherein I would have two sons from my girlfriend. The family sitting on the left of that table had two members in it. There was a man a child. The man seemed like the father and the child seemed like his son. This was the second family. To the right was another family with six people in it. There was a man and a woman that seemed like a husband and a wife. To the left of the husband were two sons. In between the husband and the wife was a one year old child, and to the right of the wife was a daughter. This was the terzetto family. The first family was a triple parent family. The sons had their biological children with them. The second family represented single parent family. The mother had left the childs father and had married her lover. The child had no sibling but had his biological father with him. The third family was a merging family. In between the husband and the wife was their biological child. To the right of the wife was the daughter from her preceding husband. To the left of the husband were the two sons from his previous wife. The first family was a biracial family. The wife wa s African American whereas the husband was Caucasian American. The sons had tanned skin while the color of one son was darker than the other. The second and third families were uniracial in that all members belonged to the same race. In the second family, both the father and the son were Asian Americans. They seemed like Indians that had immigrated to the US. The third family was of Caucasian Americans. All family members were white. It seemed like the girl

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Executive Summary - show ExampleThe graph below shows the increase in punishable apartments in New York between 1983 and 2013. in spite of the opposing views on illegal housing units and its impact to New York, reforms are key to en sure enough that flock access affordable safe habitable housing, as opposed to expensive and luxurious housing. The DOB issues annually more(prenominal) than 4,440 violations for illegal conversion of basements, cellars, and attics - which are not fit for human occupancy due to health and condom risks. These violations can end only by adjusting the The New York metropolis Building or Housing guardianship code, Article 5- Occupancy of cellars and basements. Amending the policy will guarantee that the priority of the city council to ensure gum elastic for its tenants is achieved. City officials mandated to provide proper and affordable housing are required to consider this proposal to make sure that no city dweller dies or falls sick due to the pathe tic unsafe conditions of the illegal housing units.Suggested opinions to warrant safe housing units include introducing policies on Asthma free housing, issuing of term of a contract permits, yearly remodeling to maintain policies, and provision of adequate finances for building safe units. These measures ensure equality and safety for all the tenants who are inconvenienced by the existing policy regulations. Stakeholders decision to permit these motleys will effect change and eradicate conflict with authoritiesPolitical and financial constraints may delay the achievement of the above suggestions. However, it is demand to consider these options to increase the sustainability of the reforms. Political goodwill towards this policy will guarantee fairness and equity for the tenants and come about room for other amendments of this nature to ensure a comfortable nation.With this effect, institutions have the responsibility to address

Cherokee nation Essay Example for Free

Cherokee nation EssayWilma Pearl Mankiller was born on November 18th in Tahlequah, the capital of the Cherokee nation, Oklahoma. She lived in Mankiller Flats till she was ten old age old. Then her family was moved to atomic number 20 when the Indian Affair Relocation program took place. Her father Charlie Mankiller was a Cherokee whereas her mother Irene Mankiller was of Dutch-Irish origin. Wilma had four sisters and six brothers. Wilmas great grandfather was one of the many Cherokees who along with Choctaws, Creeks, and other Indian tribes moved along the trail of Tears to Oklahoma . This was during the removal period in 1830s. Here in Oklahoma the family was allotted one hundred sixty acres of soil in eastern Oklahoma at a place called Mankiller Flats, but the land was rugged and it was difficult to eke out a life from it. Thus the family was poor and when Wilmas father hereditary the land he found it difficult to give a good life to his family. He managed to hire some m oney from growing strawberries, peanuts, berries and green beans, cutting timber and picking crops when seasonal work was available. forage for the family was from the vegetable garden supplemented by wild game.Thus when the government activitys offer to relocate them once more cropped up Charlie Mankiller was tempted by the prospects of a better life. The family did non wish to move, nevertheless they reached San Francisco only to intoxicate that the relocation program promises were not fulfilled and there was no money. Even employment was very a great deal not available. The children did not like atomic number 20 and was homesick. In her autobiography Mankiller A Chief and her People Mankiller wrote, I experienced my own Trail of Tears when I was a young girl. No one pointed a gun at me or at members of my family.No show of force was used. It was not necessary. Nevertheless, The United States government through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was once again trying to settle t he Indian problem by removal. I learned through this ordeal about the fear and anguish that occur when you give up your home, your community, and everything you have ever known to move far away to a strange place. I cried for days, not unlike the children who had stumbled down the Trail of Tears so many years before. I wept tears that came from doubtful within the Cherokee part of me. They were tears from my history, from my tribes past.They were Cherokee tears. In California Wilma completed her high naturalise and enrolled herself for higher studies. She attended Skyline Junior College and then Francisco State College. It was here that she met her future husband strong-arm Hugo Olaya. They had two daughters, Felicia born in 1964 and Gina born in 1966. While in college Wilma met the Native Americans who repossess the Alcatraz Island. for the Native American people. Many Indians made the bold move to move onto Alcatraz and Wilma got influenced by it. She cherished the conceptio n that her mission in life was to serving her people.She longed for independence to work for her community and this involvement with the community was the rationalness for the conflict which arose in her marriage. In 1974, she and Hector Hugo were divorced. In the 1960s there were many social and semipolitical movements in America. When Alcatraz was forcefully occupied Wilma Mankiller became aware that the Indians also had rights and these rights had to be protected. She became touch in it and wanted to serve her people to the best of her ability. After Alcatraz she got involved in helping the Pitt River tribe in northern California reclaim their ancestral land.For seven years she worked for them and this prepared her to return to Oklahoma. When her father passed away in 1971 referable to kidney failure Wilma was shattered. It tore through my spirit like a blade of lightening she says in her autobiography. though the family returned to Oklahoma for the burial of Charlie Mankill er, Wilma returned to California after the funeral. Wilma too soon became a prey to kidney failure and though initially it could be treated, she had to undergo surgery and in 1990 she underwent a kidney transplant.Her brother Donald donated his kidney for her. In 1976, two years after her divorce she had returned to Oklahama for good. Here she enrolled herself in a graduate course at the University of Arkansas. Wilmas go out to live and serve her people can be seen in her determination to get well, once when she was involved in a terrible accident and it was thought that she would not survive. Second time was when she developed a muscle disease known as myasthenia gravis. Her life was threatened but her strong leave behind of survival made her fit again.

Causes insomnia Essay Example for Free

Ca ingestions insomnia endeavorThe evolutionary theory can be directly linked to Darwins theory of survival of the fittest as any properties we have now are a result of what has been useful in the past therefore we residue as it has been useful for our survival or it was at one meter. Conservation was an idea that the theorist Webb came up with he suggested that those animals that slept more were more likely to survive such as hedgehogs.Conservation is where the body slows stamp out the metabolism and heart rate as no food is world consumed and no energy is being used up as the animal is not moving a play. Webbs theory is linked to hibernation mostly as his theory is more suggesting the likelihood of surviving due to resting. By olfactory modalitying at both theories I can now come to the conclusion that the restoration theory is more logical in its use of energy as it suggests that the more energy you use up in the day the more you look forward to going to bed to resto re tissue and save energy.It also suggests that even if you dont fully employ yourself in a day it doesnt mean that your not going to quietness for long and this can be fully evident in teenagers as even if they do or dont exert themselves they still residue a lot more as there bodies are developing and they need more calmness then the rest to gain in energy and also to give there bodies a time to relax as there bodies will be constantly secreting hormones.The ready and effect of insomnia still arent open(a) as the Pineal gland in the brain converts the neurotransmitter serotonin into the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is released into the blood stream and causes throbbing changes around the body although the need for sleep is not affected by light. Melatonin plays a role in the co-ordination of the sleep wake cycle. So as sleep isnt affected by light then the cause of insomnia cant be known as you cant determine what effects the body that causes insomnia.REM sleep involves an increase in energy expenditure and blood flow which inhibits protein synthesis on the other bridge player it is known that amino acids are not stored by the body and last in the body for bout 4 hours later on a meal. This means that protein synthesis maybe stopped half way through and through sleep because the amino acids have run out. as well as people will sleep more after stress and it is known to improve moods which again can be explained by the fact that with NREM sleep occurring during slow wave so enables the body to repair itself and there is an increase in secretion of harvest hormones.By looking at the evolutionary theory I can also conclude that the arguments presented for the evolutionary theory contradict themselves as some suggest that some animals sleep less to keep a vigil while others suggest that animals sleep longer to keep motionless thus staying away from harm. Also it is clear to see that animals such as lions do sleep longer as they are at less of a risk f rom being hunted so dont need that much sleep and animals like cattle need very little sleep and this puts them in danger of being hunted.

Aristotle the Great Philosopher Essay Example for Free

Aristotle the Great Philosopher EssayAristotle was one of the most profound philosophers of completely time. He was a pupil of Plato he adapted many of Platos concepts into his induce. Aristotle follows in the footsteps of Plato and Socrates thought of fetching the virtues to be vital in a well-lived spirit. Based on the precise nature, true cheer clear be found. In this paper, I will discuss Aristotles beliefs of humankind better and human flourishing. Aristotles most influential work was Nichomachean Ethics. No one is quite sure where Nichomachean Ethics originated from they assume it is either, a combination of lecture notes from Aristotle or his students.He believes that every human employment aims at some good every human activity aims at some end. He believes that good equals end. Aristotle refers to good as cosmos the object of an action. He believes batch should be goal oriented no matter if the goal is chastely good or bad. Aristotle thought that human acti ons are not haphazard, random, gratuitous, and purposeless. Otherwise, theyre relevance is the distinguishing mark of human rationality, as opposed to the instinctive ness of animal conduct or an unintentional sequence of instinctive events.He believes that humans seek rational means to attain their goals. (Zunjic, Books 1 2) Aristotle was born in 384 BCE and posterior died in 322 BCE. He grew up in Stagirus, which was a small Greek colony. His father was a mendelevium to King Amyntas of Macedonia. The Macedonia Court would ascertain Aristotles carriage, greatly. Aristotles father died while he was still a child. His guardian, Proxenus, direct him to Athens. While in Athens, he became a pupil of Plato he attended Platos lectures for twenty years. He then began to lecture himself, particularly about rhetoric.(Aristotles Biography) After Plato had died, Aristotle may have manufacture the leader of the Academy, except his differences in teaching. They gave the leadership role to Platos nephew, Seusippus. Aristotle then left Athens and went to a different court. He married Pythias and then a short while after he move to the island of Lesbos. Some years later, Aristotle was invited back to Macedonia by the King to tutor the young Alexander. Their ideas differed, which lead to an interesting relationship. (Aristotles biography) Aristotle taught and managed the Lyceum for twelve years, producing, during this time, his lecture notes.Only a small amount of Aristotles works had survived over the years. Aristotles works included all the major areas of thought logic, science, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He developed a new-fangled system of form that differed from Plato, created a system of deductive reasoning for universal and existential statements, and produced a theory of the earthly concern, matter, life, and mind. (Aristotles Biography) Aristotle expanded his fellowship significantly when he studied under Plato, if his guardian had not sent him to Athens he probably would have never studied under Plato.Though Aristotle learned a lot from Plato, his ideas also differed greatly, and he was a great thinker all on his own. Aristotle might not have been the great philosopher that he is without the guidance of Plato. Aristotles style of lecturing involved walking roughly in in covered walk sorts, for which reason Aristotle was called Peripatetic importee walking around. (www. about. com) Greek influences helped shape what Aristotle believed. His fosterage under Plato was also a huge influencing factor.He believed that there were only two causes in the universe form and matter form and matter leads to intelligence. Aristotle was a firm believer that education and morality went elapse in hand with each other. He thought it was the duty of the state to produce well travel citizens who would lead good lives. The realization of oneself is the main focussing to reach goodness. Aristotle has been recognized as one of the greatest philosophers of all time. He has had essential time working with other top philosophers of his time. Years after his death, people still learn and adapt his beliefs.Aristotle was a teleologist, meaning, he believed that all existing things have a purpose. Aristotle was way ahead of his time, in his thinking. Many of the ideas he had were completely baffling to others around him. They still take a great deal of thought to grasp what he means but it is worth examining. Aristotle believes in subservient goods and self-sufficient goods. Multiple instrumental goods are needed to achieve ourselves they include health, friendship, wealth, knowledge, and virtue. The ancient Greek member for virtue is, Arete meaning excellence.The excellence a person demonstrates when acting towards virtue. Virtue, when practice, begins to make us who we are. Aristotle believes that virtue essential be practice habitually, so that everyone has the capacity to perfect their own character. (Aristotle Ethics Podcast 1) He believed that every idea can be traced back to the very beginning. This is known as finite regress finite, meaning an end, and regress, meaning to trace back. Objects of thought can be traced back to the very beginning many consequences lead to the knowledge of the object of thought.He thought that the idea in your head can be traced back, because the idea in your head is a product of everything else, even what people earlier had in their head. Once the thought reaches the nook stone, you cannot go any farther, showing it has one clear beginning. He does not believe in unfathomable regress that would mean there would be no defined order. (Aristotle Ethics Podcast 2) Aristotle was not concerned with his own good but, rather, the good for all humans. He called this good, eudaimonia, meaning happiness. Eudaimonia serves as the one, final self-sufficient good.He did not believe happiness was just a feeling he believed it was also a way of living. Many have adapted this idea as human flourishing. Human flourishing involves achievement of excellence. He believes that everyone aims at some good, but different people have different ideas of what good is. The product of the activity should be better than the activity, says Aristotle. The end is the achievable good. (Kessler, 80-87) Aristotles beliefs can be used to view life today. His ideas of what a good is and how to reach human flourishing influence life today.When examining any thought, it is almost practicable to try and trace it back to where it originated. Aristotle showed that everything has a clear beginning and end, and that everyone should try to have a life full of virtues. Aristotles ideas influenced many other philosophers for years after his time. He was a great influence on medieval scholasticism much of the Roman Catholic theology shows his ideas of teleology. It was also a king-sized influence to biology but it was banished from physics by the scientific revolution.Aristotle is a f irm believer that happiness is the most important thing in life. Ethics was the main topic Aristotle focused on, the difference among what is a right or wrong, good and evil, rule and virtues, character and vice, success and happiness. Works Cited Aristotle Greek Philosopher Aristotle. About. com antique / Classical History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http//ancienthistory. about. com/cs/people/p/aristotle. htm. Aristotle of Stagirus Biography. Aristotle. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http//www. egs.edu/library/aristotle/biography/.Flip4Learning. Aristotles Ethics (Part One). YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=NbZ1qzcHo4g. Flip4Learning. Aristotles Ethics (Part Two). YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=A6Eq33EgMaM. Nicomachean Ethics. Nicomachean Ethics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http//www. uri. edu/personal/szunjic/philos/nicom. htm. Kessler, Gary E. Voices of Wi sdom A Multicultural Philosophy Reader. Belmont, CA Wadsworth, 2010. Print.

Essay Example for Free

EssayINTRODUCTIONAn g overnment is a social building block of plenty, systematic exclusivelyy logical or managed to meet the needs or to pursue collective goals on a continuous basis. A sound agreement posterior contribute greatly to the continuity and success of the enterprise. All organizations confound a perplexity structure that determines the relationship between functions and directiments. With knocked out(p) right(a) c ar of higher, middle and lower levels of administration, it would be actu each(prenominal)y much impossible for all management to run the organization smoothly. The disclose the organization the in force(p)er would be the exploit of the common objective. Hence the study of the organization is of great importance. It helps to understand the organization better and become acquainted(predicate) with its functions. MRF particular(a), an enterprise that was established in1946, in South India grew quickly to become peerless of Indias big gest tire manufacturing companies, noteworthy for ingathering superiority and innovation. MRF continues to be the leading tire-maker in India. MRF inaugurated its Kottayam social unit in 1969 as the twinkling show of MRF with a littler dick mixer and seven employees. The place is engineered in four respec boardy unite with the environment. World degree hawkshaw blend facility with SCADA based recipe management, fully automated coke handling systems and modern dust collecting systems keep the environment tidy. Facili relates with upgraded systems for Tube, tire and PCTR manufacturing, introduce world class cross styles. MRF Kottayam is certified with ISO 9001/ TS 16949, ISO 14001/OHSAS 18001-2007 and so forth TPM initiatives mitigated the congeal performance in in all beas. MRF Kottayam unit besides registered small scale energy saving projects for deoxycytidine monophosphate credits and its liaison subjects with UNFCCC existence through with(p) by consultant s M/s. Ernst and Young. Its turnover dealed the 6100 crore mark in 2008. MRF has the widest product range among the domestic tire companies as it makes tyres for all class of fomites from trucks to two wheelers and go-karts. MRF Kottayam unit has nearly 2000 direct clear force.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of the study can be summarized as come aftersTo know the history and the growth of the comp bothTo understand the structure of the telephonerTo d black knowledge vindicatory intimately the functional as well as managerial aspects of the organizationTo learn about the manufacturing knead of the productsTo analyze the financial performance of the comp eitherTo learn the externalizes, policies and procedures of the organizationTo observe the work refinement of the organizationTo take in knowledge about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe organizational study was conducted in MRF Limited, Kottaya m. The organizational structure and the management of assorted departments of MRF atomic get 18 interpreted for the purpose of the study. Sufficient attempt has been taken to cover al some all the facets of this organization and to understand the complex factors that argon functioning indoors the organization1.3 METHODOLOGY OF learning research is a systematic approach to a purposeful investigation. Methodology refers to the various methods wasting disease by the researcher right from the entropy collection and various techniques used for interpretation and inferences. Research methodology addresses the questions what must be make, howl it must be d ane, what selective information must be lay in, what selective information gathering methods must be employed, which sources of data must be selected and how the data must be analyze and conclusion is reached. The descend period allotted for the project work was one month. The study was undertaken by in person visiting the factory in Kottayam.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONa) PRIMARY DATAPrimary data atomic number 18 those which be collected as first-hand information and thus they be original in character. These atomic number 18 collected from the direct sources like Personal interviewObservation methodb) SECONDARY DATASecondary data ar those which have already been collected by some former(a) agencies of the organization that has been bordered. Some of them be Previous records of the organizationMagazines and JournalsWebsites1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYEven if there was sufficient support from the staff of the company a tight work history prevented them from self-aggrandizing additive information. The organizational study has come across definite point of accumulations much(prenominal) asThe method used in the main provide qualitative data but inadequacy of precisionToo much of interaction was not possible due to the fear of trade secrets organism exposedPersonal bias could be the one key factor which has affected in having face-to-face interviewsCHAPTER-2INDUSTRIAL PROFILECHAPTER 2INDUSTRIAL PROFILE2.1 INDUSTRY BACKGROUNDThe tyre labor has evolved from the prefatory cross ply to the more sophisticated radical tyres. Nylon cords that impart low weight and additional strength to the tyres have withal replaced cotton ply. This industriousness is besides control by hoidenish and infrastructural action that takes place in the region, as those two have an impact on the transport sector. The advent of globalisation and liberalization in India urged the companies both small scale and large scale, to build in capabilities, in parliamentary procedure to compete effectively on a global platform. The tyre patience in India has been striving voiceless to establish itself in the global mart in its infant stage. There were threats from the global bouters who enjoyed substantial economies of scale. As a result, the Indian tyre companies were in a constant pursuit of a dhering global examples of timber and asseverate of the art technology in exertion. The fortune of the persistence depends on the agricultural and industrial performance of the economy, the tape drive needs and production of the vehicles. Hence this is a sensitive manufacturing which has to adapt itself to a high inconstant environment.ORIGIN OF THE INDUSTRYThe tyre exertion began to develop in India in 1920s. The growth of the tyre industry in India may be split up into three phases. In the first phase, multinational companies like FIRESTONE (1920), GOODYEAR(1922) and DUNLOP(1926) came to Indian tyre industry for selling their products. They were considered as the fore runners of mercantileization of tyres in India. During the early twenties and the mid-thirties, these companies became very famous and got established themselves in the industry. In the second phase, these multinational companies started their production in India. They became the first genesis tyres of th e Indian tyre industry. DUNLOP and FIRESTONE had put up plans to manufacture tyres in Kolkata and Mumbai in 1936 and 1942 respectively. The third phase of the Indian tyre industry began when the companies in India started manufacturing tyres that came out to be known as the second generation tyres. MRF, premiere and COOT and so onwerethe important companies among them. They started manufacturing their products in sixties and later on the third generation of the tyre industry started by 1970. APPOLO and JK tyreS were the most important companies among them. The most leading tyre companies in India be MRFJK tyreSCEATGOODYEARAPPOLOMODIBIRLABRIDGESTONEMICHELINAfter the initialization attend started in 1922, the Indian economy was stepping the ladder much higher. Earlier, automobiles were mainly used for necessity. But nowadays, the whole effort has been changed in the livelihood. Even the middle class people cant think about their spiritedness without having vehicles. This could be one of the main reasons that the Indian tyre industry is growing up day by day, even when the world is facing the major(ip) crisis of global recession. To an extent, the Indian tyre industry has faced some problems, but it has not affected the whole trend much seriously as far as the tyre industry of India is concern.2.2 THE INDIAN TYRE INDUSTRYThe foreign companies dominated the Indian tyre industry till the 1960s.However in the later part of the 60s and early 70s, the Indian industrial Entrepreneurs make a stylish entry into the market a colossalside foreign quislingisms with the automobile sector excogitation within the country. The tyre industry saw the entry of many players and with the winds of liberalization blowing amidst the hue and cry, swept the replete(p) land in 1922 and brought about the ride of go ventures within the industry. The industry worth Rs. 9000 crores was independent upon the agricultural and industrial performance of the economy, the transportatio n needs and the production of vehicles. The Indian tyre industry is one of the largest in the world with more than 100 million motor vehicles on the Indian roads.The Indian tyre industry evolves itself around some salient features like AdaptabilityInnovativenessExportsTechnology progressionWide product range for versatile practice sessionThe Indian tyre market can be categorized into three. They atomic number 18 Original Equipment marketReplacement marketExport marketThe Replacement market generates demand to a greater join on as bloodline volume tends to be high (85%), eyepatch the Original Equipment market demand is just a linear function of automobile production whose growth is in turn unyielding by the overall economic situation and the government policy. Globally, the Original Equipment market segment constitutes plainly 30% of the tyre market and 105 contributions comes from the Replacement market. This normally has placed the re tramp downs in a better position than the tyre industry as a major colossal threat. The Coimbatore based Elgityres and Tread Limited, the largest re yard in India is giving the tyre barons sleepless nights. The tyres basically produced in India areCROSSPLYRADIAL TYREThe CROSSPLY tyres have been used in India for several days. In this, the Polycords run across with each anformer(a)(prenominal) or diagonally to the outer go forth of the tyre. Rayon and Nylon cords are used as the reinforcing medium. These tyres can retread twice during their life time and and past is preferred by Indian transporters who normally overload their trucks. In India, 90-95 percentages of such tyres are sold. The Radial tyres have their cords running radially from free fall at 90 degree angle to the rim or along the outer surface of the tyre. The reinforcing mediums used in these tyres are Polyester, Nylon, Fiber Glass and Steel. Thus guaranteeing a longer life time and provide lower fuel consumption, with better control over the vehicle a nd road conveying. The unhealthy condition of the Indian roads hasresulted in Radial tyres accounting only pentad percentage of tyre industry as against a global trend of 60 percentages. The tyre industry is a major consumer of the domestic no-count production. The degree of contribution towards the material content in the Indian tyre industry by the Natural safe constitutes about 80% and the remaining 20% contribution is do by the Synthetic Rubber( worldwide, the ratio of Natural Rubber to Synthetic Rubber is 3070) tyres which are subject to the use of different chemicals. The on hand(predicate) local Natural Rubber is an added advantage for the industry, since it amounts to around 255 of the come up crank material cost of tyres. On the contrary, Synthetic Rubber accounts to just 40% of the total raw material cost (India imports 60% of its Synthetic Rubber requirements). Apart from rubber, the major raw materials are Nylon Tyre, order and Carbon Black. These raw materials are used to make the tyre strong and impart tenacity to it, while the latter holds debt instrument for the color of the tyre and also enhance the life span of the tyre. Nylon codes comprise 345 of the total raw material cost, while Carbon Black accounts about 13 percentages. To be concise, the tyre industry in India is highly raw material intensive and its cost directly affects the winability of tyres. Therefore about 60-70% of the cost of production is from the cost of raw materials itself. Most of the raw materials are petroleum based. So the price of the international crude oil affects the tyre industry at large. Fortunately for the tyre industry, the rubber and carbon black prices have declined considerably.2.3 PRODUCT PROFILEThe company puts out the following offerings which are the major sellers in their segment 1. MRF NYLON entrap ZAPPER FS- MOTOR CYCLE TYRE2. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FM- MOTOR CYCLE TYRE3. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FV-MOTOR CYCLE TYRE4. MRF MUSCLE ROK EARTH MO VERS- OTR TYRE5. MRF MUSCLE ROK- LOADERS- OTR TYRE6. MRF MUSCLE ROK- X- OTR TYRES7. MRF SAND GRIP- MULTI TERRIAN- OTR TYRE8. MRF LEGEND- passenger BIAS9. MRF ZVTS- PASSENGER TYRE10. MRF WANDERER- PASSENGER TYRE11. MRF highly MILER TRUCK TYRE12. MRF extremely LUG- 50- TRUCK TYRE13. MRF SUPER LUG- 78- TRUCK TYRE14. MRF SUPER LUG- 50 PLUS- TRUCK TYRE15. MRF SUPER LUG- 50S- TRUCK TYRE16. MRF STEEL MUSCLE- TRUCK RADIAL TYRES17. MRF STEEL MASTER LCV RADIAL18. MRF ZVGLSK ECO FRIENDLY PASSENGER TYRE19. MRF BIG ROVER JEEP TYRE20. MRF SHAKTI TRACTOR FRONT TYRE21. MRF SAFARI22. MRF SHAKTI LIFE- TRACTOR, REAR TYRECHAPTER 3COMPANY PROFILECHAPTER 3COMPANY PROFILE3.1 MRF LIMITEDMRF was started in the year 1946 by Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappillai, a young entrepreneur from underlying Kerala. The company was started as a toy and aviate manufacturing unit at Tiruvottiyur, Chennai and from 1951 the company took up the manufacture of tread rubber. By 1958, MRF was known as Madras Rubber manufactory L imited. Since 1946, MRF has emerged as the largest tyre manufacturer in India and 12th largest in the world. The company caters to all vehicle segments from commercial vehicles and passenger cars to two-three wheelers and tractors. It has also made a strong presence for itself in both the radial and cross ply segments. It boasts of 68 gross revenue centers, 2500 distributors and exports to over 75 countries, a standing testament to MRFs keen leadership.VISIONMRF will be profound global player delighting customers worldwide by means of Leadership in technologyWorld class systemsExcellence in manufacturingDriven by a team of move high performers, to accomplish profitable growth.CORPORATE AND PLANT FUNCTIONSThe corporate post is situated at Chennai where Marketing, Exports, primeval planning, Engineering, Quality Assurance, Materials, homophile Resource and industrial Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Safety functions are carried out by good and Research and Developmen t functions ( graft technical) to cater to specific products.THE MUSCLEMANThe mere mention of the word MRF is bound to total The heftiness in the mind of Indians. The muscleman evolved in 1964, soon after MRF began manufacturing tyres. During the last 35 years, the Muscleman has evolved from a mere corporate mascot to a symbol of strength, reliability and durability embedding the part of tyres that the muscle man repre displaces. The muscleman evolved into a high-tech symbol in the mid-80, a sign of changing times. Its new fashion was a silent testimony to the indomitable spirit that carried MRF across the INR 20 billion mark. The musclemans appearance changed once again in 1996, MRFs golden jubilee year. He started appearing in full form and is now also known affectionately as the MRF tyre man by motorists across India and 65 countries worldwide, which have come to rely on him for sale and comfortable ride.MRF take UNITSTiruvottiyur TamilnaduArakonam TamilnaduKottayam Keral aPonda GoaMedak Andhra PradeshPuducherry TamilnaduPOLICIES graphic symbol insurance policyQuality policy of MRF is to detect market leadership through continuous note expediency. To come across this goal, all the sows and the corporate office shall pay particular attention to the following Product or forge betterment by field or graft performance monitor and prompt services to the customers Up whole step of machinery to meet the increasing needs of the customer Continuous readying of all employees in order to acquire needed skills and knowledge At the plant level, the respective senior ecumenic passenger vehicle or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the prize system by collabo grade with the corporate functions.SAFETY polityIt is the policy of our company that, the SAFETY AND HEALTH of our employees shall be our FIRST priority. It is the responsibility of every(prenominal)one in the organization, regardless of the position he occupies, to underwrite that everyone in the factory returns home to his beloved ones without any injury that day and every day We shall observe this policy not only in letter but also in spirit and offer ACCIDENT FREE SAFE PRODUCTION for the benefit of one and all.ENVIRONMENTAL insurance policyThe environmental policy of MRF is to manufacture our products in an environmentally friendly and safe manner. To achieve this goal, all the MRF plants, together with the corporate office shall Minimize the impact of our manufacturing activities on the environment, especially the air, water and soil Comply with all applicable regulatory requirementsDevelop the environmental performance evaluation procedure for the continuous monitoring Up gradation of the machinery and pollution control equipment when postulate Train all over employees to perform their activities in an environmentally responsible land safe manner At the plant level, the respective Senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the environmental system by collaborating with the corporate functions.TRAINING POLICYThe didactics policy of MRF is to provide and develop knowledge, skills andbehavior of their employees to continuously improve their performance. To achieve this goal, all MRF plants together with the corporate office shall Identify and document nurture needs of each employee, through competence evaluation each year Design and publish provision calendar and enrolment run training semiannualals based on determine needs and as per the documented schedule Monitor and mensurate training puzzle out and outcomes to assess and to decide the future(a) training cycle requirement At the plant level, the respective Senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the training activities through Human Resource Department of the plant and the corporate office.TMP POLICYA amount of money tillable Factory whereThe work environm ent is pleasantThe work force is highly motivated and appointThe machineries are reliable, efficient and precise to meet the increasing customer demand The product satisfies the customers with high lineament and best price MAIN CUSTOMERS1. Volvo2. Tata Motors3. Ashok Leyland4. Mahindra5. Force MotorsCOMPETITORSome of the major competitors of the company are1. Michelin2. AppoloTyres3. Bridgestone4. JK Tyres5. Goodyear6. CEATmilepost IN THE MRF HISTORYIt was in the late 1946 that a young pioneer, K.M.MAMMEN MAPPILLAI started asmall toy balloon manufacturing unit in a small shed at Tiruvottiyur in Chennai. 1952 Company ventured into the manufacture of tread rubber1955MRF soon becomes the only Indian owned company to manufacture the superior extruded, non-blooming and cushion- backed tread rubber enabling it to compete with the MNCs operating in India at the same time 1956 The quality of the product was of a high standard that by the close of 1956, MRF had become the market leader wit h a 50% share of tread rubber market in India. So effectively was MRFs hold on the market, that the large multinationals had no other option but gradually withdraw from the tread rubber business in India 1961 With the success achieved in tread rubber, MRF entered into the manufacturing of tyres. MRF established a technical collaboration with the Mansfield Tyre and the Rubber Company of USA. Around the same time, MRF also became a public limited company 1963 Pandit JAWAHAR Nehru move the foundation stone for the rubber research Center at Tiruvottiyur to commemorate the inauguration of the Tiruvottiyur factory 1964 With the commission of the main plant in 1964, MRF also made progress in the export of tyres. An overseas office at Beirut was established to develop the export market, and it was amongst Indias very first efforts on tyre exports. This year also marked the birth of the now famous MRF Muscleman. 1967 MRF became the first Indian company to export tyre to USA- the very birth place of tyre technology 1969 MRF factory built at Kottayam1970 MRF inaugurated its Kottayam unit1971 MRF gained license to build factory in Goa1972 MRFs fourth factory nonplus up at Arakonam1973 MRF launched Indias first Nylon car tyre1978 MRF launched Super lug- the countrys largest selling truck tyre 1979 MRF turnover crossed Rs. 100 crores1980 MRF entered into a technical collaboration with the B.F. Goodrich Tyre Company of USA, which was involved with the education of tyres for the NASA space- shuttle. With this began a significant exercise in quality improvement and new product development. MRF took a major policy decision to be aggressive on the racing circuits 1983 MRF began rapid productdevelopment architectural plan for the new vehicles entering India 1984 MRF sales turnover crossed Rs. 200 crores. MRF tyres were the first tyre selected for the fitment on the Maruthi Suzuki 800 Indias first modern car 1986 MRF was selected by National Institution of Quality Assurance f or their most reputable award. Pitted against 20 tyre companies worldwide, MRF also won 6 quality improvement awards instituted by B.F Goodrich tyre Company from USA 1987 MRF becomes the No.1 tyre company in India.MRF crossed Rs. 300 crores turnover. MRF legend, the Premium Nylon car tyre was introduced 1988 MRF pace foundation was trim up, with international pace bowler, Dennis Lillee as its Director. Not long thereafter, pace bowlers prepare at the foundation were selected for the Indian Cricket team 1989 MRF medak plant went on stream. Once again citation of excellence, MRF was awarded the Visveswaraya Award for the Best Business House in South India and the Economic times Harvard Business coach Award for the Best Corporate Performance. MRF collaborated with Hasbro international USA, the worlds largest toy makers and launched Funskool India 1993 K.M.MammenMappillai was awarded the Padmashri award of National learning for his contribution to industry the only industrialist f rom South India to be accorded this honor until that time. MRF was selected as one of Indias most admired marketing companies by the readers of the A and M magazine 1996 MRF celebrated 50 years. Turnover touches Rs.2000 crores. A special factory dedicated to the manufacture of radials was started at Pondicherry. MRF tyres were also chosen for fitment on the Ford Escort, Opel Astra and order of magnitude Uno 1997 MRF launches its first ever F3 car1998 MRF launches its Super Lug tyre for trucks1999 MRF was declared the most ethical company by Business World magazine in its survey 2000 MRF launched the smile campaign on Indian roads2001 MRF won JD power award for customer satisfaction2002 The MRF Nylogrip Zappers for two wheelers is launched. MRF wins the JD Power Award 2004 MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 3000 crores2006 MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 5000 crores2008 MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 6000 crores2009 In spite of Global meltdown, MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 6200 croresMRF LIMITED KOTTA YAM UNIT- OVERVIEWMRF Tyres, Kottayam was set up in 1969 on a hill top in the village of Vadavathoor about 7 km from Kottayam town in the state of Kerala. After outset the first MRF unit at Thiruvottiyur in Chennai, MRF management decided to take advantage of low electricity costs, tax concessions on Natural Rubber at no extra transportation cost and the availability of skilled and educated labor and started the second unit of MRF at Kottayam. The unit started off as a factory building with an area of 34200 sq. ft. and a Ban bury of 3A size with a capacity to mix 10 meters a day. Today MRF houses 265 management staff and 1319 regular workers. It started as a small mixing unit growing into a full scaled manufacturing unit producing tyres. It also manufactures tread rubber and with two newly installed Ban bury. It has become one of the most productive plants in India with a record production of tubes. The commissioning of a tyre plant in 1994 marked a new era in the units history. Ini tially, tractor tyres were produced, and because diversify into passenger tyres and truck tyres of various types. The Kottayam plant supplies mixed rubber to the other plants of MRF and with the increase of demand the plant had to be augmented. A new plant exclusively for mixing, was built with huge native mixers and a mixing capacity of 600 tons per day and is one of the largest mixing units in Asia.PLANTS WITHIN THE KOTTAYAM UNITTube plantTyre plantMixing plantPre-cured Tread tyre plantThe present turnover of consummate goods of Kottayam unit is Rs. 650 crores per annum. Kottayam unit has also started Pre-cured tread rubber (PCTR) production in August 1993.KOTTAYAM PLANT FACTS AND figure of speechURES strengthened up area 600000 Sq. Ft. Management staff 252 Nos Regular workmen 1115 Nos Casual workman 399 Nos Total Finished goods production 3400 MT/ month Total turnover of finished goods 37 crores/ month Mixed stock sent to other units 7000 MT/ month Tyre labor 52000 Tyres/ month Tubes, Envelopes and band bags production 263000/ month drift Production 82000/ month Conventional tread rubber production 160 MT/ month PCTR Production 330 Tonnes/ month Repair Materials 83 Tonnes/ month Vulcanizing Solutions 32500 Litres/ monthFIG 2.1 ORGANISATIONAL CHART3.2 FUNCTIONAL sectionS AT MRF LIMITEDThe organization is made up of different departments. Departmentalization is the grouping together of similar or logically cerebrate activities. There are several bases for departmentalization. The different forms of departmentalization are departmentalization by functions, by products, by regions, by process or a combination of any of them. The basic need of department arises because of specialization of work and limitation on the number of sub-ordinates that can be directly controlled by the superior. Departmentation converts the work into manageable units. If there was no departmentation, there would have been serious limitation on the side of the orga nization. The company is having eight different departments which play a vital role in the development of the company. The different departments are-1. Production Department2. Human Resource Department3. Accounts and Finance Department4. Quality Assurance Department5. Engineering Department6. Industrial Engineering Department7. Technical Department8. Security and Safety DepartmentPRODUCTION DEPARTMENTAmong all the functional areas of management, production is considered to be crucial in any industrial organization. Production in ground of economics is the process developed to create a collection of input, which may be energy, capital, information, material, work force or any other raw materials into a specified set of output produce like finished goods and services in proper quantity quality. Production is the primary function of the company, thus all other functions support the production department in various segments. Pro-duction Department controls the production process by c oordinate the activities of other departments. After receiving the marketing or Sales price from corporate office, the annual production plan is made and this will be further broken down into monthly and every week plan. MRF has production in four plants. They are Tube plant, Tyre plant Mixing plant and PCTR plantFIG 2.2PRODUCTION PROCESSPLANT 1 TUBE PLANTIn this plant artificial rubber called butyl rubber is used for manufacturing of the tubes. It is mixed with carbon black and chemicals and then extruded into various sizes. After sufficient cooling it is sent for pre-cutting to the required length, value fixing and splicing. It is then moved to the freezing table for cooling the splice joint and is shaped to the required size. After this is taken out and kept inside the curing presses for vulcanization. After the set time the tube is unloaded from the press and sent for recap. The tubes are then deflated using nullity and the tube core is inserted. The size are segregated and p acked as per the standards.FIG 2.3PLANT 2 TYRE PLANTGrey fabric is passed through calendaring machine for coating both sides with rubber. From there it goes to a machine called the fabric cutter for cuttingit into different lengths as per specifications. Steel wires are passed through bead extruder for coating with rubber and wounded on specific wheels as per the specifications. On tyre build-ing machine, green tyres are made using calendared fabric, bead, tread etc. Green tyres are vulcanized in tyre curing press by steam heated moulds. After this the tyres are inflated to retain its properties by trimming, review and dispatch.FIG 2.4PLANT 3 MIXING PLANTOrdinary rubber is mixed with carbon black, chemicals and the rubber processing oils in the specified quantities into the rubber mix-ing equipment called the ban bury. From there it is dumped into the dump mill and passed through chaw of tanks in planing machine form for cooling and is then stored in metal skids. Samples from ea ch batch are well-tried and the batch is certified for use. This compound rubber is sent to the tyre and PCTR plants.FIG 2.5PLANT 4 PCTR PLANTPre cured Tread Rubber (PCTR) is used for re treading rubber. Compound rubber is used in mixing mills and extruded to the required size using extruders and passed through conveyors for cool-ing. These slugs are stored in leaf trucks for ageing. It is then vulcanized in the curing process. After curing, an excess flash material is trimmed off and goes for inspection. It is then sent to the stretch wrap-ping machine for packing.FIG 2.6FUNCTIONS OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENTThe main functions of Production department arePLANNING FOR PRODUCTION PROCESS This is based on the monthly plan given(p) by central planning, plant planning department will prepare a simulation plan by dividing the month into 3 segments of 10 days each. The simulation plan given by plant planning for the month is taken as a guide line and eachplant plans the production for eac h process. The available inventory and the priority of dispatch are taken into consideration while daily schedule is given. lean changes are made in the simulation plan to reduce the number of sizes running at a time with the objective of improving production efficiency.MATERIAL INDENT AND RECEIPT The daily requirement of raw materials is reason on each plant after considering the available inventory and the scheduled production for the next day. Raw material indent is made to raw material store. Raw material stores make arrangements to deliver the indented material at the plant.PROCESSING Processing is carried out as per the technical specification, BSP (Basic Standard Practice) and the work program line of the respective department. Set up verification is through for each product and each run. Once the process is stabilized, the process parameters are checked and recorded. If the parameters are as per the specifications, production is continued. If any parameter is not positiv e(p) to the specified limits, then necessary correction is made and the production process is resumed. Whenever a machine/ equipment are behaving abnormally, it is informed to the engine room department. If the process variation is abnormal, production is stopped by production supervisor/ quality supervisor/ technical supervisor. The abnormality of machine is rectified by design department and the machine is transfer over to production. If any non-conformance is stigmatised in the product, it is held using NCM Non-Conforming Material tag. Whenever engineering department recognises a machine behaving abnormally, they supplicate production stoppage through a guardianship requestPRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY The objective of proper identification and traceability is to prevent mixing up of products and to ensure traceability of products at various stages. This applies to raw materials, in- process materials and finished goods. For example, in the movement of extruded tubes, details like size, month code, year code, plant code, date of extrusion, extruder operator code, and made from imported Butyl are printed. Traceability is ensured in different ways. For example,while extruding treads, the details of stock (like stock code, date and trade of mixing, batch numbers) used for extruding those treads are entered in the traceability register.CHECKING AND INSPECTION The activity of inspection covers raw materials, process parameters, in process materials and finished goods. Inspection is do to ensure that the materials, equipment and storage area are free from any contamination. Proper identification of the materials, FIFO (first in first out), ageing (minimum and maximum), and test status (whether the material is tested and cleared, or is pending for test or is it rejected after testing) are checked. Dimension checking is done during in process operations. Visual checking is done on in process materials for defects like cured lumps, air traps, wrinkles, wrong(p) cutting etc. process parameters like temperature, pressure, water flow etc are also checked. Visual inspection of finished product is carried out by production department.CONTROL OF NON- CONFIRMING PRODUCTS During the processing, if any non-conformance is noticed in the product, it is held with a NCM (Non-Conforming Material) tag, which is filled up in duplicate with details like the material that has been held, size/ code, defect, quality held and the location where the material is kept. It has separate space for writing down the disposal and also the disposal follow up.CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION Corrective is a required action when a non-conformity is noticed any in process or product, immediate corrective action is taken to rectify the defect, so that the process or product is not affected any further. Preventive action is required when recurring non conformities which are noticed, in process by production, quality, technical or engineering are taken u p for discourse in the weekly QA( Quality Assurance) meeting to initiate tour of duty action in consultation with the concern departments. In reference of occurrence of non-conforming process or product due to operational lapse, the concerned people are trained. In other cases, the proposed preventive action is recorded in the minutes of the meeting and the responsibility of implementing is assigned to the concerned departmental person as decided in the meeting. This is followed up in the ulterior meetings and reviewed for its military strength. If the preventive action calls for a change in procedure or work instructions, this is discussed in the weekly Quality Assurance Meeting and a joint decision is taken by the departmental heads. adult male RESOURCE DEPARTMENTHuman resource management perceives organizations in their totality. Every organization requires many things in order to be effective for producing the product or service, financial resources, away of marketing whate ver product or service is created by human resource. People are the real assets of an organization. Without human beings the organization cannot slay any progress. The production, technology, financing and customer connection can all be copied soft. But every organization must find effective way to attract, retain and motivate employees.FIG 2.7FUNCTIONS OF HR DEPARTMENT gentleman RESOURCE PLANNINGThe Board of Directors, Plant Manager and the HR Manager will decide the number of employees required, their qualification, method of requirement, remuneration etc. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTIONIt is one of the main functions of HR department. In the case of management staff, the functions of recruitment, selection and placement is done by corporate HR department. Induction and orientation is given by plant HR. this is to align the objectives and the goals of the individual with that of the company, so that the synergy produces benefits to the company as well as to the individual. In the case of workmen, selection is done by plant HR department through a written test followed by an interview. Then they are given induction and orientation before being sent to the plant for on the job training. Workers are selected at 100% merit basis. Experience is considered as an additional qualification. MRF provides the tradition of selecting the relatives of the existing employees wherever a vacancy arises provided the relative is fit and suitable for the job. 1. exertion Blank2. Antecedent Verification3. Medical Checkup4. Blood Group Testing5. Reference earn6. Recommendation Letter7. Selection List8. Physical Examination9. Selection Interview10. AppointmentTRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTA program of training and development is important as it lends stability and flexibility to an organization, overly contributing to its capacity to grow. It is essential to help in developing skills and updating knowledge. Especially in a cut- throat world, an organization must commit resource in employe e training and development if it has to say a viable knowledge work force.PROCEDURE FOR TRAININGThe plant Human Resource Department maintains records of education, live and training of all power. The plant HRD sends competency evaluation forms to all department heads once a year. The significant aspects in each job which affects product quality are identified in various work centers and the significant jobs are listed out. The Department Heads along with the section heads determine the necessary competence required for personnel whose work affects product quality. The competencies of those who perform significant jobs are evaluated and the area in which training is to be imparted is heady for those who fall below the required competency level. These details are sent back to the HRD by concerned department Heads. HRD consolidates the training requirements and a training calendar is prompt.For external training programs wherever required plant sends the details to corporate funct ional heads for approval and corporate HR arranges the approved training programs. Internal training programs are conducted with either internal or external faculties. Training programs are conducted in accordance with the identified training needs of the employees and alsothe company needs (wherever required). Training details are recorded in the training register. The details of the training program attended by each employee are entered in the data base after the training program. Wherever feasible, pre training and post training tests are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programs. Wherever pre training and post training are not feasible, training evaluation forms are filled by the participants and sent to plant HR/Corp.HR. New entrants are given orientation training as per the orientation schedule. Monthly reports of the training activities are sent to Corporate HR.MODES OF TRAININGThe various modes of training are as followsa. Knowledge Based trainingb. Sk ill based Training (On the- job and Off- the- job)The methods used in Knowledge Based Training or conceptual training are total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and ISO 9000 to ensure quality to both products and employees. At the same time, Skill Based Training includes mainly Technical Training. On- the -job training is usually meant for the men at work place as well as supervisors. It includes activities, assignments, operations, machinery etc. Off- the- job training is usually given to employees from General Manager to workmen. Off the- job training consists of class room classes, training, quality training, meetings, behavior based training, external training.WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATIONThe allowance of the workmen is fixed based on the long term agreement. It is paid to the workmen based on the work done on each day as a piece rate system. The work done on each day is recorded in work sheets and it is routed through time office to the accounts section where honorarium to be p aid are calculated and paid. The wages to be paid for the casual workmen is fixed and rewrite from time to time. In the case of management staff, salary is fixed by the corporate HRD. The plant HRD coordinates the periodic appraisal of performance which is the basis for salary revision. The salary for the staff is paid on the basis of attention and this ismonitored by time office which is a function of HRD. The time office does the functions of time keeping, attendance monitoring and up keep of leave records.PERFORMANCE APPRAISALPerformance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in their allotted work and is treated properly by giving preciousness Allowance, Fringe Benefits, Bonuses and other payments according to the endures and regulations of the company. According to the seniority and performance, an employee gets a jailbreak in his position in the same hierarchy. It depends upon the parameters such as seniority, merit and th e suitability of the job. The performance appraisal is done on weekly, monthly, half yearly and yearly basis.INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR MANAGEMENTThe company has very good good-humoured industrial relations. The two trade unions of the company are MRF Employees Union (INTUC) MRF employees union (CITU)The trade union consists of an organization. They also have a level of hierarchy. The local leaders of the trade union are the Secretary, Treasurer and a Convener. The external leader comprises of President, Vice President and General Secretary. The workmen category of MRF is controlled by a Long depot Agreement every three years. Negotiations and conciliation between Management and Workmen are made over the table through continued discussions. This is mainly organized by HR with the help of Industrial Engineers and other departments involved.corrective ACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGSAbsenteeism is dealt in MRF in a very strict manner. An employee who absents himself regularly is first called and advised to improve the attendance. After that if he is not improving, a show cause notice issued and asked for written explanation, which has to be submitted within 48 hours of notice. If he still continuous to be absent, he is issued a first warning, then a second warning. After this he will be suspended and if he still has not changed, he will be terminated. This principle is applicable to all theemployees who are irregular and who violate the rules and regulations of the company. The procedure of this rule is descriptive. Employees, who are absent regularly, would be given a show cause notice. A charge sheet is issued upon the admit of unsatisfactory reply to the show cause notice. A domestic enquiry is also issued. By this procedure, the absentees and those who violate the rules and regulations are made to understand the situation that led them to this conduct. The second show cause notice is issued for the employees to present reasons. If he/she fails to state a co nvincing reason, then he/she would be suspended or even dismissed from the company. These rules are common for all the employees who are trying to falsify the record or status of the company. The dismissed employee is considered in the case of an assault or making the person a criminal.statutory AND NON STATUTORY WELFARE MEASURESThe welfare of labour is the statutory code which is controlled by the Factories Act for the benefit of the employees within the industrial system. Sometimes the living and cultural condition of the employees beyond which is required by the law, keeping in par with the customs of the industry and the conditions of the market. Labour welfare aims at providing the somatic, psychological and general well-being of the work population. The welfare officer carries out all the functions and activities related to labour welfare and take care of the physical and general well-being of the employees.The main functions of the Welfare Officer are as followsThe welfare o fficer helps to maintain a harmonious relationship between the factory management and the workers by establishing contact and holding consultations. To notice the grievance of the workers to the management and act as a Liaison officer between the management and the labour. other(a) WELFARE FACILITIESLoans are given to employees to purchase vehicles for them, educational loans are also provided. Basic essential facilities such as food, shelter, sanitation, recreational facilities, reading facilities are also provided. Workers in the factory are provided with safety gloves, shoes, masks for the separatrix free working environment.MEDICAL FACILITIESEvery employee and his family members are cover under some or other Health Scheme based on the wage package.at the moment if it is below Rs.7500/-they will be covered under ESI scheme. If it is above the limit then a special Medical Insurance Scheme is set for them covering the expenses in connection with Hospitalization and Personal Accide nt. WORKING HOURSThe working hours in MRF are divided into 4 shifts, the time allotted to each shift is mentioned under-General shift -8.00am to 4.30pmFirst shift -7.00am to 3.00pmSecond shift -3.00pm to 11.00amThird shift -11.00pm to 7.00amACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENTFinance is the life blood of every organization. According to J.F. Brodley Financial management is the area of business management devoted to a judicious use of capital and careful selection of the source of capital in order to enable a business firm to move in the direction of reaching its goals. A firm cannot sustain in the absence seizure of an efficient financial department.Plant account manager is in full charge of various activities done by the accounts department. He verifies the various functions done in each section. He takes decision for maximizing the profit and minimizing the expenses. He makes an important decision. This department keeps accounts of all the financial transactions of the company. The acc ounting period of MRF is from October 1st of one year to September 31st of the next year. MRF has a fully computerized accounting of production unit starting from the issue of goods received to the final documentation is computerized. Funds obtained for capital structuring for both internal and external sources. The internal sources include capital reserved debentures shareholders etc. and theexternal sources include banks such as SBI, Canara Bank etc. the strategy that the company has adopted is to go for credit transactions and payment will be made within one month time. All the costing taxation, salaries and wages, fringe benefits turnover details etc are computed and post by the raw materials stores, engineering stores, shipping departments and engineering departments. Wages, fringe benefits turnover details etc are computed and stick on by the raw materials stores, engineering stores, shipping departments and engineering departments.FIG 2.8FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEP ARTMENT* FINANCIAL ACCOUNTSThis dissever deals with all types of money payments and utility. This will include payment for engineering and raw material purchase, petty cash payments, operation and reconciliation of bank accounts, payment to the government in the form of taxes and levies, payment of PF, deduction from salary and payment of loan outstanding and insurance premium of employee, freight payments, payment in lieu of expire bill of employees, canteen expenses, payment to contractors, payment of leave travel allowance, medical re-imbursement etc. cash receipts in the case of scrap sales and any other cash receipt will also come under this branch of accounts.FIG 2.9 FINANCIAL RESULTS 2009-2010Rs in crore20092010Sales6141.948080.45Other Income34.4041.97Total Income6176.348122.42 moolah Before Taxation398.48534.66Provision for Taxation145.45180.68Profit after Taxation253.03353.98Share Capital4.244.24 militia1357.181686.44Net Worth1361.421690.68Fixed Assets Gross3020.573865. 62* COST ACCOUNTSThis branch deals with forecasting, budgeting, analyzing and re-porting the income and expenditure of the company. The budget for expenditure is prepared using standard costing principles and it is com-pared with the actual expenditure. Any variation from the budget (whether positive or negative) is analyse to find the exact reason and it is reported to the top management.* WAGES AND SALARYComputation of wages and salaries is done by this section of accounts departments. Wages of workmen are fixed in the long term agreement and is calculated on a daily basis depending on various factors like grade, numberof hours worked, the output achieved etc.* SALES TAXAll matters related to sales tax are handled by this section. Monthly returns for sales tax are filed on behalf of sales depots. VAT (Value Added Tax) system has been introduced and all matters related to this are also looked after by this branch of accounts. C forms are issued for purchases from outside the state and F forms are issued for receipt of goods from depots.QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENTQuality is considered as the most effective tool to improve productivity, to achieve cost effectiveness, to improve profitability and market share and to remain competitive in the global market. In the business environment of today, quality impacts not only products and services but also many other relevant entities such as process, systems, people and organization. When a person buys our product, he has certain expectations. These are determined by several factors and it de-pends on the intended use of the product. The expectations can be performance, price, dependability, consistency of performance etc. If the product fulfills the customers expectations when it is used, he will be pleased with tile product and will say that product is of good quality. If his expectations are not met he will say that the product is of low quality.FIG 2.10FUNCTIONS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENTThe quality system r equirements of the customers are collected and all efforts are taken to ensure that the requirements are met. This is done by employing statistical process control techniques and by training the operators. The different functions of quality assurance department are as follows To process audit and final product inspection To improve the profitability of the company by reducing defects and waste generation To materialize the document called Basic standard practice, which says how the process is to be carried out, what are the dos anddonts of each process etc Whenever a process or product does not meet the specifications, the process is stopped and the defective products are kept held using a tag called the NCM (Non-Conforming Material) tag To check whether the process is carried out in alignment with the laid down specifications and the basic standard practice The performance of the product are recorded and monitored on a daily basis so that any abnormal deviation can be easily detected and attacked To initiate studies for implementing new systems and procedures on the principle of continuous improvement. FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) is carried out and a control plan is also prepared to ensure that the causes of failure are avoided before they happen Whenever a tool change is done, the relevant parameters are checked by quality Assurance and certification is done before the commencement of production Whenever a new machinery is installed, QA carries out the process of industrialization of machinery, in collaboration with engineering and technical department Audits on suppliers and outside godowns are conducted periodically to ensure that the materials procured are of the required quality and also ensure that they are stored in the manner that does not give room for any determination Slow moving and non-moving items are pass throughed at regular intervals to avoid the material acquiring deteriorated due to prolonged storage and to avoid produci ng material which is not needed in the market.ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTThe functions of Engineering Department are divided into mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, civil and environmental engineer-ing. The main functions are new machinery layout preparation, erecting and commissioning of new machinery, preventive maintenance, breakdown maintenance, condition monitoring and overhauling of machinery and other related equipments. Erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of utility items, generators, boilers, compressors, pumps, freezer lines and cooling towers and maintenance of material handling systems are done by engineering departments. The maintenance of equipments at pump house and allocation of training centers are also done.FIG 2.11FUNCTIONS OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTMECHANICAL MAINTENANCE1. Preventive MaintenanceAll equipments that need preventive maintenance are listed out. It is ensured that the equipment history and manuals are available for all machines. A preve ntive maintenance schedule is prepared after a careful analysis of breakdowns in the machine and based on the person-to-person experience of the maintenance personnel. Preventive maintenance schedule for the particular week is taken and the necessary materials, tools, manpower and spares are arranged. The necessary clearances are obtained from planning and production of equipments and the machine is released for maintenance. The schedule maintenance activities are carried out based on work instructions and experience. Then the machine is checked and handed over to production. Based on the number and nature of breakdowns in each machine during the year, the preventive maintenance schedule reviewed and a new schedule is prepared for the next year.2. Breakdown MaintenanceThe defective machinery is identified either by production or by engineering and a maintenance request is generated. In case of production detecting the flow, production raises the maintenance request and in the case of engineering detecting the flow, engineering raises the maintenance request and arranges for the tools, maintenance personnel and spare parts. Then the machine is released for the maintenance. The required maintenance jobs are carried out and the machine is thoroughly checked. If the maintenance is done, then the machine is handed over to the production. Otherwise the necessary rectifications are done again. Every month, down time analysis is done and permanent corrective actions are initiated in the case of recurring failures.CHAPTER 4FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONSFINDINGSMRF Limited is the leading tyre manufacturing company in India which hasexports over 75 countries across the worldMRF makes tyres for heavy duty trucks, bus, light truck, passenger car to motor cars, scold cars, off the road earth movers, two and three wheelers, farm service and military service lecture about the findings on the infrastructure of the manufacturing plant in Kottayam, there is good working environment for the employeesThe usage of modern and updated technology, in the field of production process gives a cutting edge to the modernization of the companyThe improved quality standards of the company show a tremendous achievement in the tyre industryAll departments are well structuredGood working environment for employeesTeam effort and frankness in their strengthHealth and safety of employees are given importanceTraining programmes and meetings are held afterwardsSUGGESTIONSThe present strategies of the company in various segments should be improvised especially in the case of oscilloscope up a marketing development in the unitThe company should maintain better tie ups with the dealers and subsidiary institutionsMore attractive advertisements in media would help in marketingThe company website should be updated a lotMotivational incentives should be given to the best performers in the organization as it could be the best way to do performance appraisal to figure out if more produ ctivity of the work is being performedIt is better to provide a collaborative system and approach to the current limitations of the work methods and need to support track and achieve the revision workIt is better to diversify MRF products to avoid the limitations of current exportsCHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONMRF has been the authorization market leader and the trend setter in the tyre industry for the last 21 years inspite of the emergence of competitors and their competition. The company has a considerable lead over the arch rivals in the tyre market but has a stiff competition from the other global players. The clinical performance of the company is only because of the combined efforts of management and its employees. MRF has been successful in providing high quality and technology superior products to the customers. Being driven by technology and product innovation, every tyre that comes out is of the highest standards and tested to the toughest conditions to take on any role. Hence it i s clearly visible that the company is in the forefront of the tyre industry and hope that it is discharge to continue the same impact in each segment of the tyre industry for a long time. The organizational study at MRF Limited, Kottayam, which helped me in gaining awareness of the functioning of different department in the unit and give an outlook of the various modes of work being performed at managerial level, middle level and at the bottom level of the organization. The study has helped me to get a clear picture of the objectives and policies of the company and the mission of MRF and that is to maintain market leadership in the long run.