Comparative Criminal Justice System Essay - 2183 Words

Unit 4 Written Assignment: By: Alysia Pietrangelo Professor CJ509: Comparative Criminal Justice Systems September 1, 2011 With so many different cultural and historical perspectives, it can change the way the criminal justice system works. Two types of criminal justice systems in which bring a lot of historical and cultural perspective include Iraq and Italy. Both countries also have legal tradition in which help in the way the criminal justice system works. In addition, both politics and legal issues can also cause the criminal justice system to change. However, the answer to the question relies on how this all does play in to the criminal justice systems for both Iraq and Italy. Beginning with Iraq, there was many†¦show more content†¦The different types of crime which happen in an Islamic country depend on the cruel and unusual punishment. Hudad crimes (apostasy, revolt against the ruler, theft, highway robbery, adultery, slander and drinking alcohol) carry mandatory penalties such as the amputation of the hands and feet, flogging and even death. Quesas crimes (murder, voluntary and i nvoluntary killing, and intentional and unintentional physical injury) involve sanctions of retaliation or compensation for the victim or his/her family. If any other offenses have been committed and there is not a penalty, they are in the category of Ta’azir and the judge is then given the discretion to determine the penalty of such offenses (Bassiouni, 1982). Since many in Iraq feel the vote for some position are fixed during elections, Iraqis can be punished for speaking out. If someone does they themselves and their families are at a great risk of being persecuted, since they are not loyal to the government or Saddam Hussein. Therefore, the political roles do influence how the criminal system works in Iraq. In addition, many culture and historical factors also played a role for Iraq to follow the Islamic legal tradition. While Iraq has a very unique criminal justice system with many cultural and historical aspects, along with much of Iraq (very hard justice system to understand) in turmoil atShow MoreRelatedComparative Criminal Justice Systems5160 Words   |  21 Pageslike to say that it is virtually impossible to inset all the solutions to a nations criminal justice problems in a one page (per county) summary. With the diverse nature of all 4 countries, to be able to â€Å"fly† into a foreign land at the request of the leader, and be given â€Å"Carte Blanc† to handle their criminal justice problem is about as impossible as implementing all that is needed to fix their criminal justice system issues within the perimeters of this paper. I would actually like to be alive inRead MoreComparative Criminal Justice Systems : Guilty But Insane1283 Words   |  6 PagesRona Johnson CRJ613: Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Guilty but Insane Prof Jonathan Sperling January 23, 2017 Criminal Intent â€Å"Mens rea: In criminal law, the guilty mind. It refers to the intent that is needed in order to be found guilty of a crime† (Bartol, C. R., 10/2014). Mens rea is a very important aspect of the criminal justice system and it is really important when the issue of mental competency plays a factor in a criminal case. There are four different levels of the mens reaRead MoreComparative Criminal Justice Systems : United States And Japan2455 Words   |  10 Pages Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: United States and Japan Gabriel A. Alvear Florida International University Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: United States and Japan Most Americans know the key aspects of our criminal justice system, but fail to learn about criminal justice systems of other nations. However, it is important to learn about other country s criminal justice systems in order to effectively compare it to ours. It helps us realize the faults in our justice systemRead MoreArticles on the Criminal Justice System and Criminal Homicide: A Comparative Analysis1178 Words   |  5 Pagesand Contrast: Two Articles on the Criminal Justice System and Criminal Homicide Introduction The following paper examines two articles. The first is entitled Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction, and the second is entitled Assessing the interaction between offender and victim criminal lifestyles homicide type. Both of these articles focus on a topic that is seldom discussed in todays society; namely, how violence, and specifically criminal violence affects the parties involvedRead MoreEssay on Restorative Justice: Comparative Studies947 Words   |  4 Pagesmethod to gather knowledge. Comparative studies are often used to explore methods for explicating or developing knowledge and attitudes. Comparative research examines cases with the intention to reveal the structure and invariance or unchanging relationship for an entire group or population. In this case, and for the purpose of this paper, the comparative research is suggested to be used in corrections on a global scale. Several problems arise when using comparative research studies on a globalRead MoreA Com parative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparative Study of the Fields Criminal Justice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality isRead MoreSouth Sudan Criminal Justice System1380 Words   |  6 Pages South Sudan Criminal Justice System Andrew Langstaff Eagle ID: 900764842 Georgia Southern University Instructor: Dr. Laurie A. Gould CRJU 4531: Comparative World Justice System South Sudan, the world’s newest country is struggling to survive. Rampant inflation, civil war and food shortages plague South Sudan. Besides political party reform, inter-communal violence and tensions over oil-sharing revenues with Sudan, another challenge South Sudan is facing to achieve peace that thisRead MorePortugal s Criminal Justice System1440 Words   |  6 PagesPortugal criminal justice system, it showed similarities and differences with the United States criminal justice system. For example, these two nations have some of the same problems, however Portugal has abolished the death penalty. When I looked into the strengths and weakness of law enforcement, criminal procedures, courts, sentencing, and corrections I believe that the United States has a better form in handling these matters. So far there isn t a perfect system to manage the justice system, butRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1044 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice has can be s een to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal withRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System For Two Reasons784 Words   |  4 PagesWomen enter the criminal justice system for two reasons. First, they want to become part of the criminal justice machine and acquire some professional and legal status. Second, they commit a crime and must go to prison. The focus of the present critique is on the study that tested the validity of a prison inmate inventory and its implications for the criminal justice field. The discussed article was published by Degiorgio in the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Nativism and The Ku Klux Klan Coursework Example

Essays on Nativism and The Ku Klux Klan Coursework The paper "Nativism and The Ku Klux Klan" is an amazing example of coursework on social science. Racial and religious prejudice and anti-Semantic propaganda characterized America in the 1920s. Newspapers and pamphlets distributed across schools and the public fueled the itinerary of supporters of the anti-immigration movement. The Sacco-Vanzetti Case, involving two Italian immigrants, aroused considerable deliberation among the American populace, and the world at large. The prosecution settled on the extremism of the two anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolemeo Vanzetti. Conservatives were against liberals, socialists, and radical groups from Europe who protested against the electrocution of the anarchists. Although it was later substantiated through ballistics reports that Sacco was guilty, the prejudgment surrounding the case was palpable. The symbolic importance of the case exposed the nature of the rotten American society.   The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), with a membership base of around five million, had a nativist, white-supremacist philosophy that furthered the tension experienced in 1920’s America. A profit-making scheme by two Atlanta entrepreneurs supported the activities of the KKK group through the provision of the required regalia. The group proposed Americanism, meaning that there was a widespread disregard for Blacks, Catholics, aliens, and even women. Their agenda to restore the nation’s lost limpidness appealed to the wider populace in several ways, although they were led by unethical and distrustful leaders whose sole aim was to make money. Their use of guerilla tactics such as threats and lynchings spread far to the masses and the political scene. In March 1925, KKK collapsed unexpectedly, especially after details of their political incorrectness emerged. Its activities were suppressed until the 1950s during the civil-rights activism period when it reemerged.

Neonaticide free essay sample

For a woman to destroy the fruit of her womb would seem like an ultimate violation of the natural order. But every year, hundreds of women commit neonaticide: they kill their newborns or just let them die. Most neonaticides remain undiscovered , but every once in a while a janitor follows a trail of blood to a tiny body in a trash bin, or a woman faints and doctors find the remains of a placenta inside of her. The day you are born is the day you are most likely to be the victim of homicide. This cheerless statistic holds true whether you live in South Africa or any other part of the world. The perpetrator will almost certainly be your mother. Research has shown that she will most likely be under 25, unmarried, still living at home or in poor circumstances, either still at school or unemployed, emotionally immature and astonishingly secretive. We will write a custom essay sample on Neonaticide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She has carried you to full term without telling a soul of your existence. And somehow the parents with whom she resides never suspect she is with child. Until of course it becomes obvious. Now that you are born, it’s not depression or psychosis that moves her to murder you. Mental illness rarely plays a part in this sort of killing. Nor is she overwhelmed by the feeling that life is simply too harsh for such a defenseless little creature for whom she cares a great deal. There is rarely great violence in the manner that she kills you, her new born child. She may simply abandon you to the elements. The only intense feeling she has is the desire to see you gone. She may even deny that you exist at all. This is the profile of neonaticide, the murder of a newborn in its first 24 hours of life, and a form of infanticide peculiar to industrialized countries. Two cases have riveted the public recently. Last November, Amy Grossberg and Brian Peterson, 18 year old college sweethearts, delivered their baby in a motel room and according to prosecutors, killed him and left his body in a dumpster. They will go on trial for murder next year and, if convicted, could be sentenced to death. In June, another 18 year old, Melissa Drexler, arrived at her high school prom, locked herself in a bathroom stall, gave birth to a boy and left him dead in a garbage can. Everyone knows what happened next; she touched herself up and returned to the dance floor. In September a grand jury indicted her for murder. How could they do it? Nothing melts the heart like a helpless baby. Even a biologists cold calculations tell us that nurturing an offspring that carries our genes is the whole point of our existence. Neonaticide, many think, could be only a product of pathology. The psychiatrists uncover childhood trauma. The defense lawyers argue temporary psychosis. The experts blame a throwaway society, permissive sex education and, of course, rock lyrics. But its hard to maintain that neonaticide is an illness when we learn that it has been practiced throughout history. And that neonaticidal women do not commonly show signs of psycopathology. Some argue that those who kill infants in the first twenty-four hours of the child’s life usually commit the act without any premeditation, acting in a state of impulsive panic and, as such, are no threat to society, making imprisonment unwarranted. Studies have shown that only 70 percent of mothers were charged with homocide and 30 percent were charged with unlawful disposal of a body. At the end of the day a human life was taken and this amounts to murder. You cant quibble over a more serious or a less serious charge, murder is murder! 30 years behind bars is fair but parenting classes and councelling can never justify the death of an innocent baby. I firmly believe that killing a baby is an immoral act, and we often express our outrage by calling it a sickness. But normal human motives are not always moral, and neonaticide does not have to be a product of malfunctioning neural circuitry or a dysfunctional upbringing. We can try to understand what would lead a mother to kill her newborn, remembering that to understand may help prevent further cases.

Oedipus Rex Essays (1338 words) - Greek Mythology, Vocal Music

Oedipus Rex At the start of the play, the city of Thebes is wasting away under a plague that leaves its fields and women barren. Oedipus, king of Thebes, has sent his brother-in-law, Creon, to ask the house of Apollo to ask the oracle how to put an end to the plague. Creon returns, bearing good news: once the killer of the previous king, Laius, is found, Thebes will be cured of the plague (Laius was Jocasta's husband before she married Oedipus). Hearing this, Oedipus swears he will find the murderer and banish him. He asks Creon some questions: where was Laius murdered? did anyone see the crime? how many men killed him? Creon answers: Laius was killed outside the city by a group of robbers, and the only witness was a shepherd who still lives nearby. Hearing this, Oedipus asks the people of Thebes if any of them know any information about the king's death. The Chorus (representing the people of Thebes) suggests that Oedipus consult Teiresias, the blind prophet. Oedipus tells them that he has alre ady sent for Teiresias. When Teiresias arrives, he seems reluctant to answer Oedipus's questions, warning him that he does not want to know the answers. Oedipus threatens him with death, and finally Teiresias tells him that Oedipus himself is the killer, and that his marriage is a sinful union. Oedipus takes this as an insult and jumps to the conclusion that Creon paid Teiresias to say these things. He also mocks Teiresias, telling him that he is no prophet; a prophet should have been able to answer the Sphinx's riddle, but Oedipus himself was the only one who could. Teiresias counters that although he has no sight, Oedipus is the one who is blind to the truth. He asks him whose son he is and reminds him of the curse on his parents' heads. He tells him that he will leave Thebes in shame. Furious, Oedipus dismisses him, and Teiresias goes, repeating, as he does, that Laius's killer is right here before him ? a man who is his father's killer and his mother's husband, a man who came seeing but will leave in bl indness. Creon enters, asking the people around him if it is true that Oedipus slanderously accused him. The Chorus tries to mediate, but Oedipus appears and charges Creon with treason. The men fight until Jocasta, Oedipus's wife, arrives. They explain the nature of their argument to Jocasta, who begs Oedipus to believe Creon. The Chorus also begs Oedipus to be open-minded, and Oedipus unwillingly relents and allows Creon to go. Jocasta asks Oedipus why he is so upset and he tells her what Teiresias prophesied. Jocasta comforts him by telling him that there is no truth in oracles or prophets, and she has proof. Long ago an oracle told Laius that his own son would kill him, and as a result he and Jocasta gave their infant son to a shepherd to leave out on a hillside to die with a pin through its ankles. Yet Laius was killed by robbers, not by his own son, proof that the oracle was wrong. But something about her story troubles Oedipus; she said that Laius was killed at a place where three roads meet, and this reminds Oedipus of an incident from his past, when he killed a stranger at a place where three roads met. He asks her to describe Laius, and her description matches his memory. Yet Jocasta tells him that the only eyewitness to Laius's death swore that five robbers killed him. Oedipus summons this witness. While they wait for the man to arrive, Jocasta asks Oedipus why he seems so troubled. Oedipus tells her the story of his past. Once when he was young, a man he met told him that he was not his father's son. He asked his parents about it, and they denied it. Still it troubled him, and he eventually went to an oracle to ask. The oracle told him that he would kill his father and marry his mother. This so frightened Oedipus that he left his hometown and never returned. On his journeys, he came across a haughty man at a crossroads and

Wave Of International Mergers And Acquisitions Essays - Finance

Wave Of International Mergers And Acquisitions The wave of international mergers and acquisitions experienced in both the United States and the UK in the 1980s and 1990s is known as the fourth merger and acquisition wave. The fourth wave began just as the U.S. emerged from the recession of 1981-82, which as a result of global competition had laid bare the weaknesses of traditional American center industries. In many cases, changes in markets and technology had resulted in obsolete assets and redundant personnel. The progressive deregulation of airlines, trucking, telecommunications, and banking would also reveal excess capacity in those industries. The conglomerate boom had saddled corporations with unwieldy inefficient/under-managed operations. Massive shifts in investment away from manufacturing to services, along with energy shortages, high inflation, rising interest rates, and falling unemployment had all further contributed to the most serious crisis of confidence in the American business system since the Great Depression. P ostwar corporate profits were reaching a low point, and many of the nations biggest companies were suffering from low productivity and a widely perceived loss of managerial competence. Many of these problems were addressed by the merger and acquisition wave of the 1980s. Brief History of the Merger Waves The American economy has experienced four distinct waves of mergers during the twentieth century. The first wave may be dated approximately as having taken place between 1885 and 1905. This wave consisted predominantly of horizontal mergers. Thus in this period we have an increase in concentration in industrial markets. Mergers were particularly strong in the steel, rubber and tobacco industries. The second wave may be dated approximately as having occurred during the period 1916-30, with the peak during the late 1920s. Horizontal mergers continued to be predominant, but vertical ones and conglomerate in particular started being important. Significant merger activity took place in petroleum, primary metals and food products. The third period started in the 1940s, after the Second World War. Over that period a striking change in the form of merger took place. Horizontal and vertical mergers have declined in importance while conglomerate mergers have become predominant. Fourth Wave and the Leveraged Buyout As the conglomerate wave began to ebb, a new vehicle surfaced for giving dissatisfied shareholders an opportunity to sell their stock in underperforming assets. The tender offer enabled buyers to bypass CEOs and boards of directors to appeal directly to shareholders. Typically, a tender offer gave shareholders the opportunity to sell their shares at prices substantially above the going market value, when a buyer, seeing the potential for increasing the value of the assets, was willing to pay a premium for them. In many cases, this would spell bad news for underperforming managers, who were likely to be replaced by the new owners. In other cases, buyers might retain managers, but under new restructured agreements or understandings about how the assets would be managed. Most often, the tender offer was associated with a corporate raid, or a hostile takeover attempt, that is, one resisted by the target companys board of directors. The fourth wave was different from the previous ones in that both hostile takeovers and leveraged buyouts played a significant role, stimulated by aggressive investment bankers, corporate raiders, and heightened shareholder activism. The fourth wave was also characterized by increasing foreign participation, especially following the relative decline in the value of the dollar and the reduction of federal taxes on capital gains in 1986. During the merger and acquisition boom of the 1980s, leveraged buyouts spurred a dual revolution in the American economy- one in corporate finance, another in corporate governance- that profoundly altered the patterns of managerial power and behaviour. They not only substantially improved the worth of specific firms, they also helped to change the ways in which business in general though about debt, governance, and value creation. In order to succeed, they usually required drastic reforms in operations, reallocations of capital, and dislocations of personnel. They aroused the anger of numerous interests- from corporate executives to labor unions, from local communities to bondholders- whose power, status, jobs, and other economic interests were affected by the restructurings. It should be no surprise, then, that the leveraged buyout was denounced in many quarters as just another unproductive, dangerous financial scheme. A leveraged buyout in its

Benefits of the internet

Benefits of the internet Internet is needed in our day-to-day lives. Globally, the use of internet has become very popular especially in this modern century, where the technology has advanced in all aspects. It is even hard to imagine living in a world without internet, Activities all over would be chaotic to an extent of even affecting the global economy (Barron 112).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benefits of the internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is enough proof that the whole of humanity is directly related with the use of internet. According to several research done, it is evident that internet has both advantages and disadvantages. However, there are solutions to overcome the problems that may arise from the use of internet, or rather prevent those problems from occurring. Communication is one of the main benefits received from using internet services. People in the whole world enjoy convenience in communication, entertainment is brought nearer to them, and they can now access the latest news through the internet. Currently it the fastest means of passing information from one point to the other. Most of people prefer using emails to pass messages, as it is convenient and fast. One of the uniqueness of using internet to communicate is that, there are no barriers, as people can connect easily at any place and all the time (Berre 341). Businesses have something to celebrate about, because the executives make use of the internet to pass their information as quick as possible. In the well established companies, the top management initiates the use of teleconference through the use of webcams, to conduct meetings with other executives when discussing crucial issues. Through the use of teleconference, companies are in a position to save money and time. Through the use of the most recent website known as â€Å"face book,† social communication has become very popular. Most of people are using this website to keep in touch with their friends, as well as search for their old friends. For the people who lost contacts long time ago, a solution is now found through face book, as people can always reunite. People chat on the net, and feel being part of one another by viewing the profile of one another, where the current activities of every person are indicated (Meersman 65). A big percentage of people in the world have proved to be users of this website, an indication that the whole world has been brought together by net.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of having so many users of this social website, employers are putting job adverts in it, where they can get the best candidate for their vacancies. This has helped so many job seekers to secure some form of employment, hence promoting the global economy. Once an advert is put on net, the company or the ind ividual responsible is so sure that, the information has reached the relevant people. Entertainment is another major benefit of using internet. By just clicking to access the services of internet, there are so many movies available in â€Å"you tube† websites, which can be used for entertainment (Meersman 76). All television and radio programs can also be watched and viewed through the net respectively. When employees are in the office doing their daily activities, they can on the other hand be listening to their favorite radio or television programs through their computer nets. There is no need of having radios and televisions in an office, as everything can be accessed through the net. All types of movies meant for entertainment can be watched anywhere, at any time, as long as one is connected with internet. The era when people could only watch movies through television is past, and people now are embracing this change with much happiness, as there are no limitations to ent ertainment. When at home, in office, or when traveling one can have entertainment as he or she wishes through the use of net. The use of internet in the banking sector has saved people the great agony of spending time in banking halls. Some years back, people could only access their money through visiting bank branches. In every banking hall, a long queue of clients waiting to be served was the issue every day. A client could spend much time on the queue waiting to be served (Berre 287). Nowadays, internet banking serves clients quickly through safe bank transactions. The biggest percentages of banking services are offered through internet banking such as withdrawals, deposits, bill payments, and transfers. Internet banking is also very convenient to the clients, as it offers the services throughout the 24 hours. Any time of the day or night, a client can receive the services he or she requires from the bank. International market has been greatly promoted by the use of internet. It is evident that, some people lack time to go shop for all the items they require. Most of people spend their daytime in offices, and evening hours are for them to have time with their families. Due to such challenges of having a tight schedule, most of people have turned to internet shopping, where one can buy everything he or she deserves through online.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benefits of the internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumers prefer online shopping, as it saves much of their time and the prices are low compared to the actual prices at the stores. Business people have also found it relevant, as they display all their products and prices for their customers to have a wide range to choose from. Educational sector has a lot to enjoy from the use of internet. Learners have an opportunity of getting useful materials from the net. Almost every subject has some important materials that c an be found on the net. Educators also prepare some course outlines, and distribute them to students through online. Students globally, find a good place to conference and collaborate with one another, as they share their learning experiences (Barron 106). Whatever the students learn from class, they then find all the relevant materials to handle their assignments and to advance their grades. Through the use of electronic libraries, students all over the world have enjoyed the availability of educational materials. According to most of the research done, it is evident that some students are pursuing their bachelor or masters degrees through online programs offered by some higher institutions of learning. The education sector has advanced and developed a great deal, through the use internet. In conclusion, everyone is enjoying the services of internet all over the world. Through easier communication, any sector has benefited in one way or another. The distance that has been a challen ge to effective communication was eliminated by use of internet (Barron 115). An open opportunity was created to all people to communicate, watch, and get entertained together with their friends and families. Internet offers cheap and fastest communication compared to other means of communication. It is the most reliable way of one to keep in touch with friends and family. Barron, Ann. Technologies for education: a practical guide. New York: Libraries Unlimited, 2002.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Berre, Arne. Future Internet-FIS 2010: Third future internet symposium, Berlin,  Germany. Michigan: Springer, 2010. Meersman, Robert. On the move to meaningful internet systems. Benefits of  internet (2009): 50-95.

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Writer's choice - Essay Example However, there are other additional measures that can be used in determining the wellbeing. The majority of the areas picked are made of steel (review 350); consequently the heavier the post is, the more it will cost to buy. This shows that steel being heavy is preferred for the placement in the post of cantilever. This expresses that the lightest material of the three empty segments picked above will be the most practical to decide for the for the cantilever post. The rectangular and square blank areas measure the same in this way. This makes them obtain either one will have the same cost, however as the empty rectangular area has a higher component of wellbeing then that will be the most prudent methodology. As I would like to think, this task was done effectively. Most of the sensitive issures were put into consideration. As we decided the best measurements to get the best and most practical component of security for the cantilever post, the three best picked empty segment all have a variable of wellbeing. Over 1.5 which expresses that the undertaking was sufficient. As all the area selected are equipped for supporting the sign, we found that the most prudent empty segment post is discovered to be the "RHS(250 x 150 x 9)". This is as it has a high variable of wellbeing and light

The War Against Boys Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The War Against Boys - Assignment Example The ideologies behind these types of feminism were first coined by Hoff Sommers in her famous writings. According to Sommers, gender feminism focuses on the interaction between the society and the cultural gender roles performed by women within the same social setting. On the other hand, equity feminism is associated with equal rights and equal treatment of women in the society. In its practical application, gender feminism has been labeled as bad feminism because it deals with the questioning of the fundamental rules of the society. On the opposite side, equity feminism is credited because it is occupied with the purpose of advocating and supporting the aspect of equal rights to every member of a society. The principles of gender feminism do not question the idea that women should stay at home and play their cultural roles. This type of feminism is only occupied with the aspects of equity and other legal issues. Contrary, gender feminism questions the ideas of cultural roles played by women within a social environment. It seeks to achieve cultural equity among women and men. At this juncture, we will focus at the equity feminism, which is the most dominant contemporary feminism at modern times (Rauchut 349).In every society, those individuals and groups fighting for gender equality con be heard complaining of numerous issues which they are not satisfied with. Therefore, equity feminists are constantly pushing forward their grievances to the relevant authorities for recognition.

International Business Course work 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business Course work 2 - Coursework Example Ethnocentricity is defined as the belief in the superiority of ones ethnic group (Thefreedictionary). This quality is very common in a lot of cultures does marketers have to come up with strategies to persuade the population of a specific cultural group to purchase the products and services your company offers. A way to differentiate a company’s product in new marketplace is to create specific branding strategies that are geared towards the purchasing behavior or the target population. The values and beliefs of a country are characteristics that must be analyzed to determine the buyer behaviors of a country and to be able to send out messages that are clear to avoid miscommunications. Colors have different means across cultural boundaries. For example the color red in Europe is a sign of danger, while the same color in Japan means life (Halman). The customs and attitudes of a group of people determine the preferences of the customers of a region. Environmental scanning of the socio-cultural factor is a technique that can allow a firm to determine the existence of subcultures that can create further segmentation of the market that allows for marketing campaigns for specific customer profiles within a culture (Kotler). There are many elements of a culture that a company must be aware in order to operate a successful and profitable operation in an international location. Some of these elements are: local business hours, the existence of consumerism tendencies, society’s view about the importance of tangible possessions, and governmental intervention in local commerce among other elements. The culture of a region is composed of many different elements. The attitude towards work between nations varies considerably. For example American workers are workaholics who on the average work nearly 50 hours a week, while in

Round-trip time (rtt)

Round-trip time (rtt) RTT: Round-Trip Time (RTT) can also be called as round-trip delay. It is to calculate how much time required for sending a packet or signal pulse from one source to a specific destination and comes back to the same specific source. RTT is one of the several factors that affecting latency and the time between the request for data and also the complete return or display of that data. RTT can range between a few milliseconds under some ideal conditions to several seconds between points under adverse conditions. Estimated RTT plus can be defined as safety margin. It is the estimated value of RTT that is based on the combination of current RTT and the past RTT. EstimatedRTT = (1- a)*EstimatedRTTlast + a*SampleRTT Large variation in Estimated RTT means larger safety margin. To calculate the DevRTT we need to estimate how much Sample RTT deviates from Estimated RTT i.e., DevRTT = (1-b)*DevRTTlast +b*|SampleRTT-EstimatedRTT| (typically, b = 0.25) Segment Sample RTT Estimated RTT DevRTT Time Out Interval 1 130 130.00 130.00 650.00 2 138 131.00 99.25 528.00 3 122 129.88 76.41 435.50 4 124 129.14 58.59 363.50 5 131 129.37 44.35 306.77 6 139 130.58 35.37 272.05 7 139 131.63 28.37 245.10 8 121 130.30 23.60 224.71 9 134 130.76 18.51 204.80 10 127 130.29 14.71 189.12 11 267 147.38 40.93 311.12 12 139 146.33 32.53 276.47 13 126 143.79 28.85 259.19 14 134 142.57 23.78 237.68 15 141 142.37 18.18 215.08 16 137 141.70 14.81 200.93 17 291 160.36 43.76 335.42 18 123 155.69 41.00 319.68 19 134 152.98 35.49 294.95 20 139 151.23 29.68 269.95 21 141 149.95 24.50 247.94 22 142 148.96 20.11 229.41 23 139 147.71 17.26 216.77 24 122 144.50 18.57 218.79 25 123 141.81 18.63 216.34 26 143 141.96 14.23 198.90 27 215 151.09 26.65 257.70 28 134 148.95 23.73 243.87 29 122 145.59 23.69 240.36 30 134 144.14 20.30 225.35 Table 1 A premature retransmission timeout occurs if there is no packet or signal loss or if the lost packet or signal can be captured by fast retransmission mechanism. With contrast, over estimation of RTT will lead to late retransmission timeout, in that case, if there is a loss and which cannot be captured by the fast retransmission mechanism. Therefore, it is crucial to have a Retransmission Timeout (RTO) value for TCP performance which is an equilibrium point in balancing between both the above cases. Note: RTO must be smaller than RTT. Following are the few algorithms which help in setting the retransmission timeout Ludwig and Katz propose the Eifel algorithm to eliminate the unnecessary retransmissions that can result from a spurious retransmission timeout. Gurtov and Ludwig present an enhanced version of the Eifel algorithm and show its performance benefits on paths with a high bandwidth-delay product. Ekstrand Ludwig proposes a new algorithm for calculating the RTO, named the Peak-Hopper-RTO (PH-RTO), which improves upon the performance of TCP in high loss environments. RFC 3649 proposes modification of TCP congestion control that adapts the increase strategy and makes it more aggressive for high bandwidth links (i.e. for large window sizes) Even if there is no packet loss in the network, windowing can limit throughput. Because TCP transmits data up to the window size before waiting for the packets, the full bandwidth of the network may not always get used. The limitation caused by window size can be calculated as follows: where RWIN is the maximum receive windows size and RTT is the round-trip time for the path. At any given time, the window advertised by the receive side of TCP corresponds to the amount of free receive memory it has allocated for this connection. Otherwise it would take the risk to have to drop received packets by lack of space. Unrelated to the TCP receive window, the sending side should also allocate the same amount of memory as the receive side for good performance. That is because, even after data has been sent on the network, the sending side must hold it in memory until its has been acknowledged as successfully received, just in case it would have to be retransmitted. If the receiver is far away, acknowledgments will take a long time to arrive. If the send memory is small, it can saturate and block emission. A simple computation gives the same optimal send memory size as for the receive memory size given above. Packet loss When packet loss occurs in the network, an additional limit is imposed on the connection. The limit can be calculated according to the formula (Mathis et al.): where MSS is the maximum segment size and Ploss is the probability of packet loss Below table shows the theoretical maximum sustained TCP throughput 135 kbits/sec at 1 second RTT 225 kbits/sec at 600 millisec RTT (typical satellite RTT) 449 kbits/sec at 300 millisec RTT 1200 kbits/sec at 100 millisec RTT (typical domestic Internet RTT) 1780 kbits/sec at 60 millisec RTT 2800 kbits/sec at 30 millisec RTT 4510 kbits/sec at 10 millisec RTT (typical within a city) In order to set the ACK timer we need to know how large the ACK timeout value should be. It can be too short or too long. Too short > premature timeout > extra retransmission Too long > slow reaction to loos > poor performance For this we need to have the timer longer than RTT, for this we need to estimate RTT by measuring the time from a segment transmission until the receipt of ACK which is nothing but Sample RTT. For this we need to ignore retransmissions and measure only one segments RTT at a time. By doing so, the sample RTT will vary and we can compute an average RTT based on the several recent RTT samples. Timeout = Estimated RTT + 4*DevRTT The probability of premature retransmission timeout is P1 = P[RTO < RTT] ((1-p) W + (1-(1-p) W) (1-3/W) ) ≈ P[RTO < RTT] (1-3/W 2) ≈ P[RTO < RTT] The throughput degradation due to this event is: L1 = WlogW. During the slow start ph.ase we can observe, TCP sends at most W packets. We obtain that the expected output degradation result to premature retransmission timeout is: P1.L1 = P[RTO

Essay --

Is DNA a cause of Depression? An overwhelming amount of the population suffers from countless disorders and diseases, a decent majority involving mentally specific illnesses. Amongst society, depression is a very common mental illness found in individuals of ranging in all ages from all sorts of ethnicities and backgrounds. For the longest time, specialized scientists and psychologists have conducted numerous studies on depression. These studies include causes and treatments; one of the main studies concentrated on the idea of whether depression derives from our DNA. Conclusive studies have shown that DNA is one of the main causes of depression. DNA is not only a cause of depression; it also plays a critical role in treating it. Even so, some sociologists would disagree and state that depression is only developed over time by traumatic events that occur in a person’s life. Depression is a mood disorder that can occur once in a person’s lifetime or it can be something that happens quite often. Many people are unaware that depression is quite common among his or her peers and his or her family members. Most of the people who suffer from depression do not seek professional help, due to a lack of knowledge of depression or embarrassment of the condition. Depression cannot only affect a person’s mental health, but it can also affect their physical health as well. When left untreated, depression can last up to month’s sometimes-even years (Tamag 2005). Depression does not have only one cause. There are other variables that cause depression. These variables include unbalanced chemicals in the brain, unbalanced hormones, traumatic events such as death of a loved one, and genes that are inherited from our parents (Staff 2013). Every p... ... fraternal twins became depressed, nineteen percent of the time the other twin became depressed. These findings are considered to be higher rate of depression in comparison to the nation’s rates. ("Genetic Causes of Depression" 2013) In a final analysis, countless research studies have concluded that vulnerability to depression is inherited from our parents through DNA. Individuals can be subjected to depression through family members, such as siblings due to the case studies of the twins. Due to the fact that genetics has such an explicit influence on the specified mental disorder, research has also provided a linking connection between DNA and treatment of depression. However, despite the countless studies researchers have conducted on the matter, there are still a plethora of cases to further enhance the knowledge of the linkage between depression and genetics.

Health And Safety In The Workplace Essay

INTRODUCTION It is vital that organisations abides by specific health and safety laws to ensure that not employee is harmed within the workplace. Firstly most organisations would consider the hazards of the workplace; these are the factors that could potentially harm, damage or injure someone or something during processes used by the organisation. Then most organisations would consider the risk of each hazard, this means the probability of the hazard actually causing harm or injury [1]. Identifying the hazards and risks, allows the organisation to work out specific precautions that would help to minimise the risk by creating rules or regulations within the work place. Most organisations would show this evaluation of health and safety in their workplace as a risk assessment, which is very important because it allows both employers and employees to know how to be safe and what precautions they need to take in order to reduce the possibility of someone or something being damaged [2]. HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974 The Health and Safety at Work Act also known as the ‘HSAWA’ or ‘HSW’ was introduced in 1974. The Act was created to ensure that the workplaces of all organisations protect ‘the health, safety and welfare of persons at work’ [3]. It involves identifying the hazards in each department of the organisation to reduce the risks in the process or method that the employees used to make the product or develop the service provided. Furthermore the Act prohibits the use of extremely hazardous, dangerous and flammable products unless the risk assessment specifically shows how the hazards will be prevented, for example the use of protective clothing like lab coats, gloves and goggles but also the high supervision that there would need to be in order for the process which uses the substance to be allowed to continue. The substances might not just be hazardous to employees but to the environment, the Health and Safety at Work Act attempts to reduce the amount  of harmful emissions that are given out into the atmosphere. In addition it can include the stability of the workplace by analysing the buildings condition to ensure that the building isn’t likely to collapse when employees are at work, also it ensures that the work place has special safety features like fires doors so that the risk of employees being burn in a fire is reduced [3]. The employer of the organisation is responsible for committing to the regulations of the Health and Safety at Work Act and maintaining the use of the risk assessment throughout the work place, mainly by creating a specific written safety policy that can easily be understood by employees which shows suitable precautions on the risk assessment. It is the duty of the employer to provide the correct training for all members of staff to ensure everyone has a strong understanding of the health and safety regulations. The appropriate training can be given from attending health and safety courses; also the employer has to give the staff the equipment that they need to be safe in the workplace including protective equipment as precautions to reduce the risk of the hazard. The workplace must be considered as a safe environment by the government; this means that the organisation must provide emergency procedures (like fire drills) and specific first aid facilities if a hazard did harm an employee. Most organisations ensure that his happens by using safety signs indicating things like fire exits and reminders of precautions to take when using certain equipment or substances [4]. Furthermore the employer has to make sure that materials and resources are stored properly in safe environments to stop anything getting contaminated or broken. Substances need to be controlled to make sure that the risk of explosive or high flammable substances from causing a fire is reduced as much as possible. The transportation of the materials is also important to ensure nothing is damaged during transfer and that there is a place to safely unload to materials at the workplace. The final roles of the employer is to ensure that if any new materials or processes are introduced in the workplace that they are added to the risk assessment to keep it updated to that health and safety regulations can always be kept to. The employees also have many roles in the workplace to help keep to the Health and Safety at Work Act. They must have a sensible relationship with their employer so that they can report any issues with the risk assessment or report the behaviour of other employees when using the equipment or material. Ensure that other employees are being safe and help make sure that everyone understands what they need to do in certain situations like fire drills. However the employees are not allowed to interfere with anything that relates to the providing of health and safety equipment or clothing protection as this up to the employer [4]. MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1999 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations also known as the ‘MHSWR’ was introduced in 1999 was developed as part of the Health and Safety at Work Act to show the specific separated of roles between the employers and employees [4][5]. The regulations involves looking into the different aspects of the workplace and evaluating how everything hazard and risk can affect each member of staff by looking capability in health and safety situations – for example an older employee could struggle to get down stairs quickly if there was a fire; instead the employer could move the employee to an office or laboratory on a lower floor. Overall this management of the issues and the precautions that can be used to avoid hazards, the following list shows the 30 sections to the Management of Health and safety at Work Regulations: 1. Citation, commencement and interpretation 2. Disapplication of these Regulations 3. Risk assessment 4. Principles of prevention to be applied 5. Health and safety arrangements 6. Health surveillance 7. Health and safety assistance 8. Procedures for serious and imminent danger and for danger areas 9. Contacts with external services 10. Information for employees 11. Co-operation and co-ordination 12. Persons working in host employers’ or self-employed persons’ undertakings 13. Capabilities and training 14. Employees’ duties 15. Temporary workers 16. Risk assessment in respect of new or expectant mothers 17. Certificate from registered medical practitioner in respect of new or expectant mothers 18. Notification by new or expectant mothers 19. Protection of young persons 20. Exemption certificates 21. Provisions as to liability 22. Exclusion of civil liability 23. Extension outside Great Britain 24. Amendment of the Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 25. Amendment of the Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (First-Aid) Regulations 1989 26. Amendment of the Mines Miscellaneous Health and Safety Provisions Regulations 1995 27. Amendment of the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 28. Regulations to have effect as health and safety regulations 29. Revocations and consequential amendments 30. Transitional provision [6] The person responsible for the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations is the employer, who must assess any possible risks and manage them in a professional method so that the employees are safe from injury, when undertaking specific tasks. They must ensure that employees have the correct training and knowledge for emergency situations. Furthermore the employees must comply with the regulations created and attend any training or instruction sessions. Also the employees must feel that the person in charge of health and safety is approachable so that they can communicate any concerns they have about the health and safety of other employees and report anything they sense could be potentially dangerous or harmful [7]. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations is no longer seen as a requirement for an organization to abide by [8]. PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations also known as ‘PUWER’ was made on the 15th of September 1998, laid before Parliament on the 25th of September 1998 and was enforced and formally introduced on the 5th of December 1998 [9]. The regulations were created so that organisations would address dangerous situations to control the risk of the hazard and prevent the employees getting seriously injured or killed due to a piece of equipment in their method of work. After this was introduced there was the creation of the ‘Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (1998)’ which also helped reduce the probability of employees getting injured. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations applies to any employer even if they are self-employed and complies to anyone in the organisation who uses the equipment at work; these regulations do not cover the use of equipment by the public as this comes under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The PUWER covers every aspect of equipment used in an organisation from machinery to office furniture; any equipment could be a possible hazard to an employee’s health. This means that all equipment should be regularly test so that it complies to the safety regulations of the CE mark [10]. It is up to the employers and employees to stick to the regulations and ensure that the equipment is: Suitable for its intended use This means that the equipment should provide a specific purpose/function in the organisation so that no useless equipment is forgotten about. Safe for use and suitably maintained The equipment used should be safety checked to see if it is totally safe to use in the process so that it is not likely that the equipment with cause a  hazard. For example machinery should be regularly checked so that it could not cause a fire. Also the maintenance of the equipment means that things are regularly cleaned so that in, for example, a biological lab there is no spread of bacteria or organisms between samples. Used by people who have received training This literally means that employees need to be qualified and educated in the used of the equipment so this could involve going on training courses or reading instruction manuals so they have good knowledge of what to do it the equipment breaks or how the equipment could cause injury to an employee which would reduce the risk of the hazard occurring. Accompanied by suitable protective devices, warning and instructions This is mainly the role of the employer to provide safety signs or instructions near the equipment to reminder employees of how to reduce the risks. Also when using chemicals it is vital that the correct clothing is provided like lab coats, safety goggles and protective goggles so that the chemical cannot harm the employees. Protective devices can be used to indicate when a piece of equipment is dangerous or broken so that the employees do not injure themselves on it [4]. HAZARD AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS AS APART OF THE FOOD SAFETY ACT 1990 The Food Safety Act of 1990 was developed in the Food Safety Regulations of 1995 and the following concept was create to help food industries to produce high quality products that’s consumers would recognise for their safety and hygiene when creating the product [4]. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points also known as ‘HACCP’ is an internationally used process that ensures that only food sold is safe to consume. The food products are analysed and evaluated using biological, chemical and physical techniques in order to assess any possible hazards throughout the process or handling, manufacturing, distribution and eventually eating the food product. The points provide a simple systemic approach to discovering hazards and risks and the creation of the risk assessment with suitable precautions [11][12]. Many organisation abide by the legislations of the HACCP and EU food hygiene to guarantee customers that their food is hygienically prepared without any issues of health and safety – for example some products may have no possibility of a spread of bacteria disease. There are 7 main aspects that the HACCP looks into: 1. identify any hazards that must be prevented eliminated or reduced This means that the employer, employees and health and safety experts must find every possible hazard that could potentially harm the food or the person who eats the food and form this information into a list or table. 2. identify the critical control points (CCPs) at the steps at which control is essential This involves evaluating all the points made in the first list to pick out the most vital hazards that need to be definitely controlled to not happen. 3. establish critical limits at CCPs This is identifying the risks and probability of the hazard and knowing the worst outcome if the hazard wasn’t controlled at all. 4. establish procedures to monitor the CCPs This is the way in which the organisation plans to keep the hazard under control and reduce the risk; these are the precautions planned to be used/taken. 5. establish corrective actions to be taken if a CCP is not under control This is like a back-up plan if the precaution does not work and this can change depending on the situation or environment. For example if one of the machines that is used to cook the meat sets on fire then sprinklers shoot water from the ceiling and the building is evacuated to avoid any employees being injured. 6. establish procedures to verify whether the above procedures are working effectively This involves evaluating the precautions used to reduce the probability of a hazard being uncontrollable to decide which methods are  best to control it. 7. establish documents and records to demonstrate the effective application of the above measures The creation of risk assessments and written documents so that the organisation can keep a record of their hazards and risks to make their product as safe as possible. Most employers create detailed documents that contain 4 sections; firstly a plan is created to identity how food product can be safe and how their food product needs to be safe and hygienically prepared. This section is important because it reduces the probability of infection from either dangerous bacteria or chemical or physical contamination of any meat or plant products. Furthermore it allows the organisation to see how food poisoning can be reduced in their food product, possibly from cooked and uncooked foods having contact. The following section is completing the actions planned in the first section to ‘try out’ the precautions for a set period of time. Meanwhile the next section should be taking place; this is supervising and monitoring the effect that the precautions being taken is having an effect on the actual product by making sure it is more safe to eat. The final section is acting to correct the precautions like if the food product still contains unnecessary bacteria then it needs to be cleaned and disinfected more [13]. CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH 2002 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations also known as ‘COSHH’ was introduced in 2002 and ensure that all employers were controlling the use of any potentially hazardous substances that their employees use. The regulations were created as extreme amendments to the ‘Control of Substances Hazardous to Work Regulations 1999’ [14]. The regulations forced employers to find a less hazardous substance to use, however if this is not possible then practical solutions need to be made so that the risk of any type of injury relating to the use of substances in the workplace is either totally eliminated or strongly reduced to protect the health of the staff working for the organisation [15]. To make sure the regulations are met most organisations stick to 4 specific factors to pass external inspections of the workplace: The use of detailed but understandable risk assessment specific to the different substances used The control of exposures in which the risk can be reduced The study of health surveillance among the employees Plan of action if an accident was to occur in the workplace (first aid facilities) [14] The following list shows the processes used to control the hazards in organisations in order to comply with the COSHH regulations: finding out what the health hazards are; deciding how to prevent harm to health (risk assessment); providing control measures to reduce harm to health; making sure they are used; keeping all control measures in good working order; providing information, instruction and training for employees and others; providing monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases; planning for emergencies. [16] These regulations are taken extremely seriously by both the employer and their employees as the inappropriate use of harmful substances is a crime and can be punished with fines of up to  £400 on a summary conviction [14]. CODES OF PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS USED IN EDUCATION (CLEAPSS) The Codes of Practices and Recommendations used in Education involves ‘The Consortium of Local Authorities for Provision of Science Services’ also known as ‘CLEAPSS’. This covers local organisations like schools and other types of educational establishments to make sure they are safe within the service they are providing. CLEAPSS is based on 6 aspects of the organisation: Risk assessments This introduction of these into an establishment immediately improves its health and safety because it identifies any hazards and evaluates the risk and probability of it occurring and then suggests suitable methods or precautions to take to reduce the possibility of the hazard happening. Chemicals, living organisms and equipment This relates to the rules of the ‘Control of Substances Hazardous to Health’ regulations which covers any use of chemicals for example in science lessons at a secondary school the teacher and pupils would have to take precautions like wearing protective clothing or diluting the chemical. Also the ‘Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations’ is used in this area to ensure that the equipment is safe to use, especially electrically equipment in schools and colleges need to have regular safety checks to reduce the hazard of fires or electrocution. Sources of resources This can relate in an environmental way to study where the materials needed for these establishments comes from. For example the paper needed for schools comes from trees so it is vital that more trees are planted when some are cut down for the paper to help create a more sustainable environment. Laboratory design, facilities and fittings This ensures that places like school science laboratories are safe to use. Not only should the electrically equipment work properly but the cabinets and workbenches should be fitted securely and in suitable places and the floor should not cause any kind of tripping hazard. Technician and their jobs This means that fully trained and qualified technical staff need to be employed in order for the establishment to have people in case there is any  kind of emergency or injury. Some D&T facilities and fittings This is similar to the design of science laboratories however in design and technology situations there is more important equipment like machines that need to be safety checked and well trained staff need to supervise the use of it. Also safety instructions and signs can be used around the room to ensure that everyone knows how to use machinery or who to ask for help [4].

J.S. Bach essays

J.S. Bach essays Bach is considered by many to have been the greatest composer in the history of western music. Bach's main achievement lies in his synthesis and advanced development of the primary contrapuntal idiom of the late Baroque, and in the basic tune fullness of his thematic material.(J.S. Bach Archive and Bibliography) He was able to successfully integrate and expand upon the harmonic and formal frameworks of the national schools of the time: German, French, Italian (The J.S. Bach Home Page) Bach is also known for the numerical symbolism and mathematical exactitude, which many people have found in his music for this, he is often regarded as one of the pinnacle geniuses of western civilization, even by those who are not normally involved with music. Bach spent the height of his working life in a Lutheran church position in Leipzig, as both organist and music director. Much of his music is overtly religious, while many of his secular works admit religious interpretations on some levels. His large output of organ music is considered to be the greatest legacy of compositions for the instrument, and is the measure by which all later efforts are judged. His other solo keyboard music is held in equally high esteem, especially for its exploration of the strictly contrapuntal fugue; his 48 Preludes (Bach Central Station) His other chamber music is similarly lofty, the sets for solo violin & solo cello being the summits of their respective genres. Bach's large-scale sacred choral music is also unique in its scope and development, the Passions and B Minor Mass having led to the rediscovery of his music in the 19th century. His huge output of cantatas for all occasions is equally impressive. Finally, his large output of concerti includes s...

How an Executive Coach Can Help Boost Your Career

How an Executive Coach Can Help Boost Your Career Eden Abrahams has a life so fascinating, we almost wanted to interview her on that alone. She’s worked internationally as a strategist and corporate communications expert, and moved on from there to become a respected executive coach and the head of Clear Path Executive Coaching. She took some time out of her busy day to speak with us about the challenges a modern executive faces.Why would an executive need coaching?To borrow an acronym used by the U.S. military, we are living in a VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous) world, which demands a different kind of leader than the old command-and-control model that worked when companies were hierarchical and the operating environment wasn’t in a continuous state of flux. Executives today in just about every sector are grappling with increasingly complex challenges that demand new ways of thinking, problem solving, decision making and relating to others. High-performing leaders aren’t born with these skills. They develop them by cultivating self-awareness; a flexible, adaptive mindset; and a commitment to continued learning and experimentation.Executive coaches can play a valuable role in helping leaders and managers clarify their goals at critical junctures in their career and acquire the right tools and perspective to evolve, advance, and thrive. Partnering with a coach can help executives improve their emotional intelligence capabilities, learn from past mistakes, strengthen their reflective and strategic thinking capabilities, and create time for meaningful non-work pursuits that provide balance and perspective. In many cases, executive coaching engagements also focus on building or improving skills related to effective communicating, executive presence, and time management.What unique challenges do executives face in their careers?Executives face many external challenges as they navigate their careers. Flatter, leaner organizations mean there are fewer opportunities for linear adv ancement, and even relatively senior managers need to be skilled at the art of influencing without authority to operate successfully in these environments. Trends like globalization, rapid technological innovation, and demographic shifts have dramatically altered the employment landscape, resulting in a â€Å"new normal† characterized by job insecurity, a more opportunistic and less loyal workforce, and greater pressure on executives to deliver results in a shorter time frame.Concurrently, the search for meaning at work is a powerful internal driver that is redefining – for many of us, at all stages of our careers – what a fulfilling career looks like. Particularly in wealthy, developed economies, the belief that we should find purpose and self-actualization at work – and not just in our extracurricular activities and relationships – is much more prevalent than it was even a generation ago. Executives who work in organizations that don’t off er significant opportunities for professional development, personal growth or community service should be thinking proactively about how to address that deficit, both for their own benefit and to promote greater employee engagement.On a practical level, the takeaway is that all of us, executives included, would do well to adapt an entrepreneurial mindset when it comes to managing our careers. Because in a VUCA world, thinking of yourself as â€Å"labor for hire† is a far riskier strategy than remaining nimble, dynamic and in perpetual upgrade mode – just like any good start-up does.When transitioning to a new career, what should an executive be aware of?Whether you’re looking to change jobs, employers or careers, making the transition successfully requires having 1) a good understanding of your value proposition, including your transferable skills, 2) a compelling story that highlights your professional journey, noteworthy accomplishments, interesting experience s and personal interests, and 3) a robust, diversified network that will help you learn about interesting opportunities, make serendipitous connections and explore new directions and possibilities that may not yet be on your radar screen. Finally, before you accept an offer, make sure you’ve done adequate due diligence on the company culture and have a clear understanding of your role, your mandate and how your performance will be evaluated.Is it really â€Å"lonely at the top†? What should executives do when they feel overwhelmed?In a 2013 poll conducted by Stanford University, nearly two thirds of the CEOs surveyed said they lacked outside leadership advice – but nearly 100% of them said they wanted it. So yes, it can definitely feel lonely at the top, but it doesn’t have to. When you’re taking risks with limited visibility, making decisions that have enterprise-wide impact and communicating a vision to inspire and motivate your team, it’s critical to have a robust support network. Many senior executives, including CEOs, find value in joining small, facilitated peer discussion groups where they can confidentially talk through critical issues with others who’ve grappled with similar challenges. Having an objective, outside collaborator to serve as a sounding board and confidante – someone who’s invested in your success and isn’t afraid to ask tough questions or offer an alternative perspective – can also be quite helpful. An executive coach can play that role, as can a trusted mentor or advisor.What trends in executive hiring should we be keeping an eye on?Here are two that I find particularly interesting:1. According to a recent survey conducted by HBS professor Boris Groysberg, along with the executive skills that are considered most desirable by companies today – leadership, strategic thinking and execution, technical and technology skills, team- and relationship-building, communication and presentation, change management and integrity – having a â€Å"global outlook† and â€Å"meaningful international experience† are becoming increasingly sought-after attributes for C-suite hires. Another evolving trend is the preference for team-player leaders vs. bossy stars.2. One of the key findings that emerged from a â€Å"source of hire† survey conducted last year by performance-based hiring expert Lou Adler is that interpersonal loyalty is an increasingly important factor in securing a new job. In a recent LinkedIn post, he wrote that â€Å"being referred by someone you know – whether the person contacted you or you contacted them – seems to be becoming the new default for getting another job. While company loyalty might be on the decline, it appears interpersonal loyalty is on the rise.† According to Adler, over half (56%) of all jobs are either filled by internal candidates or by people the hiring manager kno ws personally or has sourced via trusted peers and colleagues. So, more than ever, it pays to keep your contacts current, and close.

The main cause of collapsing of the Bretton woods system Essay

The main cause of collapsing of the Bretton woods system - Essay Example re of the system was a promise each country made to all that their monetary policies would keep the currency of the country close to a fixed value (within 1%) to gold. The IMF would have the authority to close temporary payment imbalances between countries and would monitor the fiscal activities of other nations. While the system worked well for several years, it collapsed in 1971 once the United States pulled out from the gold standard (Bird, 1994). The simplest cause of failure in economic terms is that the system was useful for the time it was created but it was far too optimistic of the creators of the systems that all other things would remain the same. Without a doubt, economic realties change for us on a daily basis even though the majority of economic activity can be explained by the process of supply and demand. The creators of the system thought that the system would be large enough to control and contain market forces and economic systems but they learnt quickly that while market forces take the upper hand to established systems. While the final cause of failure was the American pullout from the system, the foundations were being weakened long before the event. The first change was the monetary interdependence which countries faced with respect to each other and the convertibility of the Japanese Yean and the Western European countries. This made it possible for banks and monetary organizations to take part in large financial transactions further adding to the financial interdependence of various countries (Cooper & Sneddon, 2001). Banks are able to make huge transfers of capital from one country to another for investment and lending purposes but that money can also be used for currency speculation. In the Bretton Woods system, exchange rates were more or less fixed and countries were hesitant in revaluing their currencies (Bird, 1994). Speculators could therefore convert large sums of money from a soft to a hard currency hoping to gain value when the

The Violence currently facing Colombia's dispossessed Essay

The Violence currently facing Colombia's dispossessed - Essay Example Thousands of people have lost their lives and millions are being put out of place. Large number of ingenious people, Afro-Columbians and farmers were forced to leave their relatives and native lands because of violence. Growing conflicts and calamities among the armed forces and guerrilla groups changed the land into dispossessed status and it indicates that the country could soon experience a revolution such as one impacting Mexico during 1910s. Studies and researches have recognized that the underlying cause of this crisis is related with U.S policies which promote the killing of millions of common people in Columbia. News reports about the dispossessed reveals the story that thousands of Columbians were relocated by years of war and state-backed terrorism. Analyzing the history, one can see that existing policies of the United States paved the way for a revolution. Therefore, one feel comfort to agree the statement that â€Å"The violence currently facing Colombia’s  "dispossessed† is indicative that the country could soon experience a revolution such as the one impacting Mexico during the 1910s†.The root cause of the crisis in Columbia lie its weak state, a divided ruling class, and two party political system which strictly prevented any kind of participation or voice from the common people. Periodic party competition between the Liberals and Conservatives led the country to armed conflicts. Things became worst, when the Liberal government passed measures for protecting social security and workers’ right of the same kind to Roosevelt’s New Deal. The emerging of Second World War collapsed reforms activities and President Alfonzo Lopez Pumarejo forced to face strong opposition from inside and the outside of his party. The assassination of Jorge Eliecr Gaitan, the leader of rebels paved the way for unending violence and conflicts. In 1986 election, fighting armed forces and guerillas faced general election as the result o f Government’s invitation. But after the election government and the armed Right go back on their promises. The election procedures false down and more than 3000 people were murdered. All armed forces came back to their own previous status, especially the guerillas returned to the hills and took arms. Existing armed conflicts and outrage violence in Columbia, indicates the emergence of a revolution. The book entitled, The dispossessed: chronicles of the Desterrados of Colombia by Alfredo Molano describes the conflicts took place in Columbia .Author clearly mentions about the U.S policies and its political supports towards the Columbian government indirectly acts as a catalyst in the process of spreading violence. From the very beginning, Alfredo Molano reveals the cause and effects of current war between military force and the guerillas. Author explores the real cause of conflict by saying; â€Å"Neoliberal policies forcing competition between small Columbian farmers and int ernational agribusiness drove more than five million farmers off their lands in the 1990s† (Molano, 2005, p.21). The arriving of the drug cartels and the paramilitaries in to the warfront changed the nation in to a land of political anarchism. Conflicts between the international agribusiness groups and small Columbian farmers promoted economic stagnation and food problem all over the country. As a result of political, ideological, and military polarizations guerilla

Last 2 religion journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Last 2 religion journal - Essay Example In the former, spiritual experiences are taken to be the result of the processes of matter. In pantheistic theology, both nature and mind (spirit) are considered to be manifestations of some divine principle, which pervades all nature but is ultimately not different from it. The view that nature depends on God can be either theistic or deistic. For me, both of these trends have one thing in common: They assume that nature is ordered and that the human mind is capable of tracing out that order. One could, therefore, try to unfold on an analytical basis the respective impacts of those various religious ideologies on the scientific enterprise. However, such an approach would, at almost every step, imply historical considerations about science, and all the more so as science has only gradually revealed itself as a strictly quantitative study of things in motion. It may, therefore, seem more logical to specify, from the start, those impacts in their historical context, because pantheism, theism, deism, and materialism represent also a historical sequence (Byrne 54). This opinion holds true in respect both to the formulation of a major scientific theory and to its subsequent interpretation. Hence, the relation of deism to science is a matter that is essentially different in its status before and after Newtons Principia. Before the appearance of that work, which preceded the robust emergence of deism in the Western world, pantheism and deism could play their respectively inhibitory and creative roles in science (Byrne 59). After the Principia, exact science had a broadly articulated mathematical, or quantitative, structure that safely operated within its own set of methodical canons and retained a very large measure of independence from participating scientists religious or antireligious motivations. And, as is well known, this distinction led to the deism, which

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Example for Free

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Palestine is a historic region in the Middle East comprising of Israel and the Israeli occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Palestine Liberation Organization, a political entity, had been attempting to establish a separate state for the Palestinian Arabs. In the year 1948, Israel was created in that region. This emergence of the Israeli state and subsequent wars between it and several Arab countries, served to displace a large number of Palestinians. In the year 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization or PLO was founded, in order to represent the demands of Palestinians for the creation of a separate state for them. At that point in time, Arab military forces were singularly unsuccessful in defeating Israel, in the Six Day War of 1967. Under those circumstances, the PLO emerged as an alternative power, and gained regional and international importance (Stein, 2007). A deep rooted hatred has existed between the PLO and Israel, and this lasted for several years. However, between 1993 and 1998, both the PLO and Israel entered into several agreements, which transferred all Palestinian towns and cities that were under the control of Israel to the Palestinian administration. Moreover, the Israelis transferred Arab dominant regions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestine. In accordance with these agreements, the Palestinian National Authority or PNA was formed to govern these transferred Palestinian areas. In the year 1994 the PNA took complete control over the administrative and negotiating roles of the PLO, with respect to these newly transferred territories. As such, the PLO remained a protector of Palestinian interests in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It also represents Palestinian interests in international agreements and treaties. The PLO and Israel have continued to remain adversaries, despite diplomatic negotiations between them (Stein, 2007). The fundamental objective of the PLO was the destruction of Israel. In the year 1969, Yasser Arafat became the chairman of the PLO. In the year 1970, Jordan expelled the PLO from its territory, and the PLO relocated itself in Lebanon and established its base of operations there and started to attack Israel. It attacked Israel in 1978 and in 1982. In 1982, it withdrew from Beirut and moved to Tunisia. Yasser Arafat’s leadership of the PLO was challenged several times before, during and after the Intifada. However, he remained the supreme leader of PLO. In 1988, Arafat gave up terrorism and discontinued terrorist attacks against Israel. Subsequently, the PLO was recognized as the umbrella group that represented Palestinian interests and the Palestinian state. Arafat became the leader of the Palestine National Authority in 1996 (Palestine Liberation Organization, 2001). The PLO comprises of three important branches; and these are the fifteen member Executive Committee, which includes representatives from the fedayeen; the Central Committee comprising of sixty members; and the Palestine National Council, which has five hundred and ninety – nine members. The PLO has several departments and agencies, which provide military services, health services, information to the public, finance, social welfare, education, and other administrative services. After the creation of the Palestine National Authority in 1994, it has taken over the duties and responsibilities of the Palestinian people, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Stein, 2007). The PLO was formed, in order to fight against Israel and to compel it to withdraw from Palestine. However, it was unable to unite all the Palestinian groups at that time. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which was under the leadership of George Habash, remained an independent group, and Yasser Arafat of al-Fatah became the supreme leader of the PLO, which launched several terrorist operations against Israel. It killed eleven Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics in 1972. In the year 1982, Lebanon expelled PLO from its country. In Tunisia, in 1988, the PLO established a parliament in exile for the newly declared state of Palestine. In 1988, Arafat launched peace and diplomacy initiatives, as a prelude to negotiations with Israel. The United States supported the PLO in these efforts, and in 1993, Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin signed an agreement, after secret negotiations. Thereafter, the PLO relinquished terrorism and honored the right of Israel to exist as a separate state, subsequent to Israel’s withdrawal of its forces from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. In 1995, the Palestinians achieved independence and autonomy. The peace process suffered a setback, because the Hamas continued to attack Israel and the latter failed to withdraw its troops. In 1998, the PLO and Israel had signed a land – for – security pact. In 2000, US peace efforts ended in failure, and there was unending violence on both sides (Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 2003). The PLO is composed of several groups, and each of these has its own founders and organizational framework. The leaders of some of these groups had challenged the leadership of Arafat. Some groups had been branded as rejectionist groups as they refused to recognize the September 13, 1993 PLO – Israel accord. They also opposed interim agreements entered into by the PLO and Israel. These rejectionist groups include the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine or PFLP, led by George Habash, which is a Marxist group. Subsequent to the 1993 Israel – Palestinian Declaration of Principles agreement, the PFLP withdrew from the PLO. Another organization was the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command or the PFLP-GC that had been founded by Ahmad Jibril. It was a Damascus based group, with a pro – Syrian faction, which withdrew from the PLO. Nayif Hawatmeh had founded the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine or DFLP, a partner of the PLO coalition. It was a Marxist organization that had joined the PLO in the year 1999. Moreover, the Palestine Liberation Front or PLF, led by Abu Abbas, continued in the PLO coalition (Katzman, 2002). The PFLP, the PFLP-GC, and the PLF were extremist groups that had indulged in terrorist acts against Israel, subsequent to the 1993 Declaration of Principles. These three extremist groups were termed the Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, DFLP, was categorized as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the State Department in its first FTO list published in 1997. However, at the behest of Arafat, and after it had accepted the peace with Israel; it was excluded from the list of FTO’s in 1999. Other coalition groups in the PLO that were not branded as FTOs included the As – Saiqa, the Arab Liberation Front, which was a pro – Iraq faction group, the Popular Struggle Front, the People’s Party, formerly known as the Palestinian Communist Party, and the Democratic Union that was known by its initials FIDA (Katzman, 2002). The timeline of important events in the history of the PLO – Israel relationship has been appended below: December 1968: On the 28th of December 1968, Israeli commandoes attacked the Beirut International Airport. In this operation, more than twelve airplanes were heavily damaged, while some of them were completely destroyed. This operation was launched in retaliation to the attacks on an Israeli civilian flight at the Athens airport in Greece. In this attack, two Palestinian nationals were charged with having attacked an airplane in Athens. This attack had resulted in the death of an Israeli passenger (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). November 1969:Â  Yasser Arafat and the Lebanese commander – in – chief, Emile Bustani, met in Cairo and ratified an agreement. Under the terms of that agreement Lebanon had to recognize the Palestinian revolution. That agreement allowed Palestinians and the Lebanese to jointly fight against Israel without compromising Lebanon’s welfare and sovereignty. Although the agreement was made for twenty years of joint struggle, Lebanon escinded it in 1987 (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1970-1971: Jordan expelled the PLO following a severe battle in their country, which had led to the death of thousands of people. Subsequently, the PLO shifted its base of operations to Lebanon and mounted attacks against Israel from Lebanon. An extremist Palestinian terrorist faction group, Black September, joined the PLO coalition. In September 1970, Jordan initiated a military crackdown on Palestinians (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1972: The terrorist group Black September attacked Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics in Germany. In these attacks two Israelis were killed and nine Israeli athletes taken as hostages. The terrorists demanded the release of Palestinian prisoners in exchange for these hostages. Israel refused to accept these conditions and a counter attack was mounted by the West German commandoes, during which four terrorists and one policeman were killed (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). April 1973: In a covert operation, the future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, led a team of Israeli commandoes, in women’s attire and killed three prominent PLO leaders in Beirut (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 975: There was fierce civil war in Lebanon between the Palestinians and pro – Palestinian Lebanese militant groups, and Lebanon’s Christian militant groups. They fought each other for fifteen years, until 1990, when the civil war ended officially (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1976: Syria deployed its peacekeeping forces in Lebanon to assist Lebanese authorities to end the war. The Syrian fo rces remained in Lebanon for thirty years, until April 2005 (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). March 1978:Â  The PLO attacked a bus in northern Israel, and in retaliation, the Israeli forces entered Lebanon and pushed the PLO forces far from the border. The UN Security Council ratified a resolution, which instructed Israel to immediately withdraw its forces from Lebanon. Accordingly Israel withdrew its forces, and Major General Saad Haddad established a security zone of twelve miles wide, all along the border. This security zone was meant to prevent Trans – border attacks on Israel (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). September 1978:Â  The US President Jimmy Carter was instrumental in bringing about the Camp David Accord. This Accord led to the establishment of a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. It also provided sufficient groundwork for a similar peace treaty between Israel, Lebanon and other neighboring Arab states (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). July 17, 1981: Israeli forces attacked the PLO headquarters in West Beirut, and this operation claimed more than three hundred civilian lives. The United States once again intervened and established a cease – fire agreement between Israel, the PLO and Syria. At that particular time, Syrian troops were deployed in Lebanon (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1982: Until the 6th of June 1982 a cease – fire was maintained. It was broken when Israel attacked Lebanon with a sixty thousand army. This was in retaliation to the killing of Israeli’s ambassador to Britain. However, Arafat and the leaders of the PLO escaped from Lebanon and settled in Tunisia. They remained there until 1994 and then moved on to Gaza (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). On 14th September, Bashir Gemayel, the Lebanese president – elect, was assassinated before his swearing in ceremony. He had the support of Israel, and subsequent to his assassination, Israeli troops entered West Beirut and engaged in what could be deemed to be genocide, in which more than eight hundred Palestinian refugees were mercilessly killed by the Lebanese Christian militant groups in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. The world community accused Israel for its failure to stop the genocide. During this period, a fundamentalist Shiite Muslim extremist group Hezbollah emerged in Beirut, the Bekka Valley and southern Lebanon. Hezbollah was sponsored by Iran, whose Revolutionary Guards had imparted adequate training and had provided weapons to the Hezbollah. Syria also, lent its support to the Hezbollah, whose fundamental aim was to establish a Shiite Islamic state in Lebanon. Moreover, it aimed to expel Israel and the US military from the region (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). April 18, 1983: Hezbollah launched a number of suicide bombers against the US embassy in West Beirut. In this operation nearly sixty – three people were killed. This attack served as a portent regarding the future attacks against Western nations (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). May 17, 1983: The US achieved an agreement between Lebanon and Israel, and both these nations ratified the agreement, which sought the immediate withdrawal of Israeli troops from Lebanon under a conditional withdrawal of Syrian forces. However, Syria refused to accept this agreement (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). October 23, 1983:Â  A suicide bomber from the Hezbollah penetrated into the headquarters of the US Marine and French forces in Beirut and detonated the bomb on his person. This bombing resulted in the death of two hundred and ninety – eight people. Of these, two hundred and forty – one were US Marines and other military staff. Following this attack, the US withdrew its forces from Lebanon (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). January 18, 1984: Malcolm Kerr, President of the American University of Beirut was assassinated (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). March 1984: Lebanon rescinded the May 17, 1983 peace accord, consequent to increasing pressure from Syria (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). September 20, 1984: The US embassy annex in East Beirut was heavily bombarded, resulting in the death of twenty – three people in the attack (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). June 1985: Israel withdrew its troops from Lebanon, all the same it controlled the twelve mile wide security zone along the southern border until May 2000 (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1990: The fifteen year civil war in Lebanon was officially ended (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). July 1993: Israel attacked southern Lebanon for a week, with a view to end the attacks waged by the Hezbollah on several towns in Israel (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). April 1996: There was fierce fighting between Israel and Hezbollah for sixteen days. In this battle, nearly one hundred and thirty – seven people were killed. Most of the casualties were Lebanese civilians (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). May 2000:Â  Israel withdrew its troops from southern Lebanon and the United Nations declared the Blue Line to be the actual border between these two nations (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). September 2003: Israel warplanes bombarded southern Lebanon, in retaliation to the launching of antiaircraft missiles by the Hezbollah against Israeli airplanes flying over that region (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). October 2003: Israel and Lebanon exchanged gunfire in the Shebaa Farms, which was a disputed area (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). February 14, 2005: Rafik Hariri, the former Lebanese Prime Minister was assassinated by militants, which pressurized Syria to withdraw its troops from Lebanon. In April, Syria withdrew all its troops from Lebanon (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). July 2006: Militants belonging to Hezbollah entered Israel and killed three Israeli soldiers. They abducted two soldiers and demanded an exchange of prisoners. Israel refused to accept their offer. Subsequently, five more Israeli soldiers were killed in an ambush. The response of Israel was a blitzkrieg, and Israel blockaded naval routes and heavily bombarded hundreds of Lebanese targets. It also bombed Beirut’s airport and the headquarters of Hezbollah in southern Beirut. In response to these Israeli attacks, Hezbollah launched attacks using rockets on northern Israeli cities. This battle resulted in the demise of hundreds of Lebanese civilians. Subsequently, Israel conducted a two week military campaign in Gaza in retaliation to the abduction of its soldiers (Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel, 2006).

Thomas Edison :: essays research papers fc

Edison was born in the village of Milan, Ohio, on Feb. 11, 1847, and his family later moved to Port Huron, Mich. In his early life as a kid he played jokes on people and got into trouble. One time he set his father's barn on fire because he wanted to see what fire look like when it burned. His schooling was three months long because he quit when too many people made fun of him. At the age of seven his mother taught him, and he loved to read books. The book Schoool of Natural Philosophy sparked his likeing for science and, soon after he set up his first lab. At age 12 his father could no longer buy supplies for his lab so he became a train-boy, selling magazines and food on the Grand Trunk Railroad. He spent all he earned on books and supplies for his laboratory.At this time he stoped sleeping and only took cat-naps so he could work on experiments at night in the bagage car. An accident at this time led to a loss of hearing about 50%. Two things which contributed to loss of his hearing was a conductor pulling on his ear and, a conductor clapping his ears for setting the bagage car on fire it was only an accident. Soon after he left this job. A station agent taught him telegraph code and procedures, and at age 15, Edison became manager of a telegraph office. His first inventions were the transmitter and receiver for the automatic telegraph. At 21, Edison made improvements on the stock ticker for printing stock-exchange quotations. With the $40,000 he was paid for the improvements in tickers, he established real laboratory in Newark, N.J. Deciding to give up manufacturing, he moved the laboratory to Menlo Park, N.J., where he was in charge of groups of employees working on various projects. In 1878, Edison started work on an electric lamp and looked for things that could be electrically heated to incandescence in a vacuum. At first he used platinum wire in glass bulbs at 10 volts.He realized, however, that independent lamp control would be necessary for home and office use. He then developed a three-wire system with a supply of 220 volts. Each lamp operated at 110 volts, but the higher voltage required a new substance other than that of platinum. Edison conducted an extensive search for another filament material, on Oct.