Comparing the Struggle for Power in 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Invisible Man and Julius :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Struggle for Power in 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Invisible Man, Julius Caesar, and Lord Of The wing  If you delve into the content of almost any novel, at that place is almost always some kind of struggle for index number.  It could be for rightful integration into society power over an island power over a country or in some cases, even power over the minds of others.  These non at all ludicrous struggles for power are what keep us interested in the plot of a book.  The ongoing battle between a character and his cause makes it unacceptable to put vote down a good book.  For instance, the novel 1984 by George Orwell is about the struggle of a man and a woman to somehow find a way to get out of the constant barrage of cameras and mind control conducted by their government.  Although the two of them eventually lost the battle, there was still a original in the struggle for power  their government.            &nb sp    In the novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the main struggle for power deals with the government.  This overly oppressive, almost Orwellian ardour bureaucracy, tries to make sure there is no interaction with books at all.  They believe that books permeate their society and corrupt the minds of the people.  Unannounced searches of property by firemen are not at all uncommon.  At the slightest inkling of this futuristic contraband, these firemen will rummage through all of ones property, at times, destroying everything in their path.               On the opposite side of that spectrum, there is a struggle for power by the people as well.  on that point is the woman who hid several thousand volumes of books in her house.  She loves these books so much that when the firemen ransacked her house, she went down with the books without hesitation.   In another example of this ongoing strug gle for power, some peoples lives were actually transformed into books.  Their names changed to the title of the book, and they had to memorize every single written flexure of text.  These people were so determined to fight for what they believed, that it would be impossible to say that some kind of struggle for power did not pull round.  They were struggling for the power of freedom.  There is not only one kind of freedom you can have.  Some peoples struggle for the power of freedom might be just to be allowed to exist at all.

Random Student Drug Testing (RSDT) Essay -- School Drug Testing Progra

What is dose testing? medicate testing is an examination of biologic material such as urine, hair, saliva, or sweat to detect the presence of specific drugs and determine prior drug use. Student random drug testing programs, RSDT, is increasingly common (Edwards). RSDT can service of process identify the students who are already abusing illicit drugs. Yet most schools only drug test the students, when they should also be drug testing the teachers and staff. Illicit drug use interferes with the ability to learn, affects other students learning and disrupts the teaching environment (Random).Although drug testing at first glance seems like a good idea, it whitethorn not be the best decision for every circumstance. Drug testing in high schools pull up stakes not do very much good. It will cause use in other drugs and create more problems with alternative uses and more sneaky behavior. Drug testing does not nix drug profane or stop them from doing it. It usually just pushes them i nto harsher drugs or into unfamiliar situations.There have been many changes in todays school systems to help prevent drug use in their students other than drug testing alone. They have introduced a zero tolerance policy. In schools, common zero-tolerance policies concern possession or use of drugs or weapons. Students, and sometimes staff, parents, and other visitors, who possess a banned item for any reason, are always to be punished. They have also introduced surface detectors, sniff dogs, and camera systems. The zero tolerance policy has proven to reduce the presence of these things on school property but doesnt prevent them outside the walls of the schools. So how do we keep students drug free outside of the schools.There are moral aspects of drug testing the student body... ...ext. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.Yamaguchi, Ryoko.Relationship Between Student and Illicit Drug Use and School. StudentDrug Testing.org. 2003. PDF File.Yamaguchi, Ryoko. Drug Testing in Schools Policies, Practi ces, and Association With StudentDrug Use. Drug Policy.org. 2003. PDF File.

Overloking Potential Honor Roll Students :: essays papers

Overloking Potential Honor twine StudentsOverlooking Potential Honor Roll Students? Everyone wants their school to be the best. They want them to have the best sports teams, perform the best over all on standardize tests, and have the best extra curricular activities. This is what the University last School admission charges board has in mind when looking through the applications usually numbering around 750-900 for the next school year to offer admission to only 150 of those appli stinkerts. In reality, they divide the applicants into districts according to where they live, then subdivide those into racial groups. After those have been considered is when they look at who has the potential to offer University High the most, in a variety of areas. They have to accept a certain number of students from each district and a certain amount of students of different pagan backgrounds to be seen as politically correct. The question being posed here is whether or not that is to the benefit of U-High. During the course of trying to answer that question, two sides of the parentage are to be considered. The first is that the way that it is being done is the fairest way in making sure that in that respect is no racial or stinting discrimination. The second side to the argument is that there might be a larger number of gifted students in a certain group that can not all be admitted into U-High because it could be seen as if they were being favored. Both sides of the argument will be examined more carefully. To begin with, in the past, our country has exhibit great racial discrimination. There was segregation, and there were also hate groups. There were people that believed that people other than whites were inferior to those of white skin color. However, lately there has been a wonderful realization in our society. The majority of our society views it as wrong to discriminate. It is seen as politically incorrect. Though there are no laws apprisal people how to thi nk, there are, however, laws that prohibit discrimination in the workforce and most important to this issue, laws prohibiting discrimination in the educational system. To ensure and mostly to prove that there is no racial hatred towards any ethnic groups, U-High adopted a new way to process the applications of possible future students. They now have a quota of students with certain ethnic backgrounds to meet.

Coming of Age in Samoa and Soviet Youth :: Coming Age Essays

In comparing Margaret Meads young adults in Coming of Age in Samoa to Russian younker it is evident where the differences arise. The Samoans strong cultural values leave little need for individual expression. Expectations of the children change as they get older. They know what is judge of them and hope to stick to the rules. In contrast, the youth in the Soviet Union, live in a culture of confusion. They feel constricted by the laws of the society, see families collapsing near them, and believe things should change. They want to be individuals and they want to live by their own values and ideas. Many come from broken homes and poor communities with little respect for authority. They freedom fighter against what they feel is an inequitable society and look for a culture or group that they can identify with. In an attempt to challenge societal values, youth cultures, in the give of rebellion, act and dress radically and form groups in protest. These dissident actions against t he structure of existing society promotes the beginning of new small groups which reflect their own rules, structures, class, grammatical gender and ethnic ideologies. So, the youth culture, in challenging societal values, at the same time is reflecting them. In comparing Margaret Meads young adults in Coming of Age in Samoa to Russian youth it is evident where the differences arise. The Samoans strong cultural values leave little need for individual expression. Expectations of the children change as they get older. They know what is expected of them and want to follow the rules. In contrast, the youth in the Soviet Union, live in a culture of confusion. They feel constricted by the laws of the society, see families collapsing around them, and believe things should change. They want to be individuals and they want to live by their own values and ideas. Many come from broken homes and poor communities with little respect for authority. They rebel against what they feel is an un jus t society and look for a culture or group that they can identify with. Often society depicts these groups as dangerous, deviant and delinquent. These groups, however, just show many of the valued structures of society, but in a more radical way. They have a standard code of dress, values, ethics and rebel in order to force their ideas onto the public and to feel part of a recognizable group.

The Pros and Cons of Ethnographic Reflexivity Essay -- Pro Con Essays

The Advantages and Limits of Ethnographic ReflexivityAwareness of writing choices generates an appreciation of the reflexivity of ethnographic research. Reflexivity involves the recognition that an account of existence does not simply mirror reality but rather creates or constitutes as real in the first place whatever it describes. Thus the touch sensation of reflexivity recognizes that texts do not simply and transparently report an independent order of reality. Rather, the texts themselves are implicated in the work of reality-construction (Emerson et. al., 1995213).According to Robert M. Emerson and colleagues, reflexivity is a method in which the ethnographer is informed that his/her writing choices are shaped to acknowledge the ethnographers presence in the stopping point being studied. Thus, while writing and analyzing fieldnotes, the ethnographer-as-author grows increasingly aware of his role and responsibility in telling the story of the people being he/she studied for in writing he/she re-presents their everyday world1. By taking the ethnographers presence in consideration, the ethnography becomes more than a mere piece of text. In the process of writing his/her analyzes of a culture, the ethnographer is constantly reminded that his work is to understand a realm of reality. In the following I will discuss the approach Dorinne K. Kondo and Renato Rosaldo use in writing their reflective ethnography.Dorinne K. Kondo in Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self Implications for anthropological Epistemology suggested that to understand the culture one studies the ethnographer should account his/her presence. In other words, the ethnographer should write about his/her experiences because it establishes the I was there author... ... argues that even though our mission is to understand the culture we our studying one supportnot make final assumptions about a culture. One has to reflex on the fact that a culture is always changing and that our supply of our discipline is not often the method one uses in fieldwork.As I reflect back to my own ethnographic research I lay out that even though I am Mexican-American and part of the Hispanic culture on campus my own community often challenged my interpretations. My interpretations were often critiqued by the male Latino culture, they felt that the meaning was much deeper and that I could not fully grasp the meaning because of my gender. Thus, I agree being reflective on ones ethnography can one fully add more meaning and understanding of a culture.1 Emerson et. al. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1995 213.

The Pros and Cons of Ethnographic Reflexivity Essay -- Pro Con Essays

The Advantages and Limits of Ethnographic ReflexivityAwareness of musical composition choices generates an appreciation of the reflexiveness of ethnographic research. Reflexivity involves the recognition that an account of reality does not simply mirror reality but rather creates or constitutes as real in the first place whatever it describes. Thus the notion of reflexivity recognizes that texts do not simply and transparently report an independent order of reality. Rather, the texts themselves are regard in the work of reality-construction (Emerson et. al., 1995213).According to Robert M. Emerson and colleagues, reflexivity is a method in which the ethnographer is aware that his/her paper choices are shaped to acknowledge the ethnographers presence in the destination being studied. Thus, while writing and analyzing fieldnotes, the ethnographer-as-author grows increasingly aware of his role and responsibility in telling the story of the people being he/she studied for in writing he/she re-presents their everyday world1. By taking the ethnographers presence in consideration, the ethnography becomes more than a mere piece of text. In the process of writing his/her analyzes of a culture, the ethnographer is constantly reminded that his work is to understand a realm of reality. In the following I will discuss the approach Dorinne K. Kondo and Renato Rosaldo use in writing their reflective ethnography.Dorinne K. Kondo in Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self Implications for Anthropological Epistemology suggested that to understand the culture one studies the ethnographer should account his/her presence. In other words, the ethnographer should write about his/her experiences because it establishes the I was thither author... ... argues that even though our mission is to understand the culture we our studying one cannot make final assumptions about a culture. One has to reflex on the position that a culture is always changing and that our preparation of ou r discipline is not often the method one uses in fieldwork.As I reflect backward to my own ethnographic research I found that even though I am Mexican-American and part of the Latino culture on campus my own confederacy often challenged my interpretations. My interpretations were often critiqued by the male Latino culture, they felt that the meaning was much deeper and that I could not fully grasp the meaning because of my gender. Thus, I approve being reflective on ones ethnography can one fully add more meaning and understanding of a culture.1 Emerson et. al. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. loot University of Chicago Press, 1995 213.

Nature, Healthy to the Environment and You Essay

Throughout time cities have been the gathering place of capital thinkers and idealist who have moved our gentleman forward. Being a place where many lot who hold confusable ideas may gather and form a community, city life brings inspiration and macrocosm to many common aspects of life such as art, technology, and pop culture. Without such urbanized areas the world may not have been home to the revolutionary ideas of great minds like James Joyce, Shakespeare, or even Einstein who was inspired by commuter trains (Lehrer par. 1). And yet, todays modern cities have shifted from not only a metropolis of ideas but one that can be equally detrimental to ones mind and health. The expanding urbanization and population within cities have torn down the natural surroundings and replaced it with a jungle of concrete. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces as humans have lived in for thousands of years, many cities have become herd surrounded by strangers, bustling cars, traffic, lights, an d millions of different noises in a setting almost devoid of nature.Imagine walking down a crowded pavement trying to maneuver around oncoming pedestrians, making sure to keep up with the ever fluctuating traffic flow and preventing yourself from being distracted by the many commercialized advertisement signs, posters, and billboards. Cars are backed up as far as the eye can see, blaring their horns and flashing their taillights as they march on forward. To many, it is common knowledge how exhausting the city life can be, but recent studies have shown just how drastically being in an urban environment can impair ones mental capabilities. Consider everything that your brain has to keep track of and its no wonder why your brain would have a hard time keeping everything in memory, and remaining calm. The controlled perception needed to stay focused can be very taxing on our minds.Settings similar to the above are an everyday experience in the United States most urbanized cities from New York to San Francisco however, places like this arent just contain to the U.S. people all across the world are suffering. In fact, fifty years ago only 10% of the worlds population lived in cities. Those statistics have since changed to over 50% with an estimated 75% by the year 2050, accounting for the production of two-thirds of the worlds energy and carbon emissions, putting a human body on the environments sustainability of clean air. This increase in the use of economic resources and the production of pollution has led to a sharp increase of many diseases such as asthma which now affects nearly 1 in every 10 children living in the United States, or attention dearth disorder, which is much more apparent to those who live in urban environments rather than those in a more natural setting.Marc G. Berman, a professor at the University of clams performed two try outs published in 2008 which tested the soda effects on cognitive functioning of interactions within natural envi ronments compared to more urbanized areas. For the first experiment students were given GPS receivers and were told to take a fifty-to-fifty five minute walk in both the Ann Arbor Arboretum (a park near campus) or to walk in downtown Ann Arbor. The students then took a psychological test of attention and working memory by repeating a series of three to nine number backwards. As a result, people who had walked through the city were in a worse mood and scored significantly lower on the test. In Experiment 2, participants viewed either pictures of nature or urban areas to further control each participants experience, which proved that merely viewing pictures of nature can have restorative benets.Even the slightest glimpse of nature can be invaluable to those living in urban areas as they provide a mental break of relaxation. For example, patients with a view of trees, flower beds and other greenery outside their hospital window have been shown to recover more quickly than those witho ut. In the same setting from an apartment building, residents have better self control tour able to focus and relax more. Evidence proves that exposure to the natural world improves mental health. Thus, the answer to lick the adverse cognitive affects that urbanized areas place on our minds is for planners, ecologists, architects, and landscape-architects to work together to integrate nature into cities, possibly to even reinvent them.City leaders should seek to plan large urban parks that include playgrounds, trails, picnic facilities, and gardens such as those in Central Park New York or the Parque Tres de Febrero located in Buenos Ares which is known for its lakes, rose gardens and city planetarium. Not only are these parks beautifully landscaped and allow city residents a place of relaxation, they may excessively encourage visitors from all over the region, resulting in economic growth. Of course, the benefit of extensive parks built inside urban areas does not stop there. They are bionomical sy husks essential to filtering urban run-off and the improvement of air quality.Another solution for improving the mental health of citizens and to the health of the city itself would be to integrate greenery into the streets and buildings, establishing a green environment within urban infrastructure. On a small scale, cities may integrate parklets to repurpose under-utilized parts of streets or roadways and provide a space for people to enjoy themselves or the company of others. Parklets are platforms built in parking lanes made to provide a welcoming area of practicality and visual aesthetics with benches, planters, roulette wheel racks, or even caf tables. On a much larger scale, architects can work with engineers to build green buildings a structure that is designed to reduce the furbish up on the environment and human health by efficiently using resources, improving employee productivity, and reducing environmental degradation.This is achieved through va rious techniques that take advantage of renewable resources (solar panels, green roofs, rain gardens, etc) measures are taken to reduce energy consumption by allowing extra insulation within the confinements of the building which prevents air leakage while solar panels are implemented to lessen the need for electricity and energy cost during the day. One other key objective in green buildings is the conservation of water quality. By using fixtures such as low-flush toilets and low-flow shower heads which manage water recycling and benefit the minimization of waste-water.On the aesthetic side, biophilic design emphasizes consonance with natural features by integrating the environment with architectural design to create a place both pleasant and natural for people to work in. payable to its furbish up on human psychology, biophilic design plays a large role in health care while finding ways to cope with the the judge of technological progress compared to those of mental evolution . According to Biophilia expert Yannick Joye, by including elements of ancestral habitats in the built environment, one can counter potential deleterious effects, which stem from this dominance, of uniform/modernist environments, resulting in more positive effects and more relaxed physiological and psychological states.Green buildings, incorporated with biophilic design would not only decrease the impact put on our environment by creating a more self sustaining city with fresh air and improved amount of resources. It may also reconnect urban dwellers with the natural world away from the bustling cars and crowded city streets, fostering restoration, improve emotional well-being, and promote health.Works CitedAsladirt. Taking Nature to the City. Diss. N.d. The Dirt. 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Berman, Marc G., John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan. The Cognitive Benets of Interacting With Nature. 12th ed. Vol. 19.PSYCHOLOG ICAL SC IENCE. 2008 Association for Psychological Science, 18 Feb. 2008. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Lehrer, Jonah. How the City Hurts Your Brain. Boston.com. N.p., 2 Jan. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. urbanized. Dir. Gary Hustwit. Perf. Oscar Niemeyer and Rem Koolhaas. 2011. DVD. Web. Walker, Christopher. The Public Value of Urban Parks. Urban.org. Urban Institute, 24 June 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2012.

What Is a Moratorium On Foreclosures

The mortgage crisis in America is a political hot topic that has taken a apparent movement seat to many other topics of national importance. Even the upcoming presidential election has the potential of having this very topic at the center of each views agenda. However, with a matter of such national signifi fuckingce it would appear as though all most Americans seem to know is that the economy is s stronged and that about covers it. Many Americans are unaware of this economic crisis occurring and are even less aware of how it could affect them. Therefore, the apathetic and ignorant attitude towards such a dilemma could be explained.In order to assist in the eradication of this issue, one must examine the meaning of a mortgage and that will make better the understanding as to why foreclosures are occurring throughout the country. Furthermore, with this base understanding of this market we great power better understand why Congressional and state legislators give care to place a moratorium, or temporary freeze, to the current foreclosure emergency. What is a Mortgage? First, lets examine what a mortgage is. According to the Freddie Mac add agency a mortgage is, a lien on a belongings/house that secures a loan and is paid in installments over a set period of time.The mortgage secures your promise that youll repay the money youve borrowed to buy your home. There are also several types of mortgages available through lending agencies as well. Some of the following are the primary options available fixed rate, adjustable rate, balloon/reset, reverse, and the hottest one that is being talked about the subprime mortgage. This is the one that should be hit on most heavily because this is the reason for the foreclosure crisis occurring right now.The problem with subprime mortgage lending is the fact that a subprime lender is predatory in nature, much like a loan shark. These companies prey on those who cannot receive a mortgage through mainstream companies as a give of poor credit or and/or a number of other factors. These companies then charge very high interest rates on the mortgages they extend to consumers. These interest rates are placed on the dogma of the loan and essentially the individual paying on the loan will have to pay on the interest in lieu of the principle for a very long period of time.According to Reuters, The crisis surrounding subprime mortgages extended to borrowers with spotty credit can unnerve financial markets and could deepen a slump in the U. S. housing market that some economists fear could put the economy close to a recession. What is a Foreclosure? Second, Foreclosures occur when an borrower or owner of a parcel of property or home defaults on a loan payment, such as a mortgage payment, and the lender files a default notice, whereby a bank or mortgage company repossesses they property in question and the owner/borrower looses whatever rights he/she might have had prior to the default.The problem with forec losing on individuals property today is that there are a plethora of people in America that are defaulting on their mortgage payments as a result of the slowing economy, predatory lending, credit card debt the list is endless. If the mortgage companies foreclosed on all those defaulting, there would be more homeless Americans than in U. S. history. What Is the Proposed Solution? Finally, lets examine what has been proposed as a solution to the problem of foreclosures as a result of extended mortgages to borrowers, as it stands.The U. S. government is attempting to broker a select with mortgage lenders to assist troubled borrowers with defaulting on their mortgage payments. However, many lawmakers also would like to see a moratorium occur freezing all foreclosures so that financially-troubled borrowers can have some time to keep from losing their homes. Lawmakers believe this action will not only assist borrowers, but it will also help to brace the economy and the housing market as a result of homeowners having time to accrue equity.Furthermore, lawmakers have proposed to extend more than five billion dollars to the hardest-hit communities so that homeowners might be able to cope a little easier with the crisis. Florida, Nevada, California, Michigan and Ohio are key state in next years elections as well as some of the hardest-hit as a result of the mortgage crisis. With lawmakers steering at the helm for a solution to one of the greatest financial questions since the bulky Depression all one can do is waiting to see what the next administration will do to assist with the issue at hand.

Perception Toward Commit Suicide Among Utar Students Essay

AbstractThis research is closely the Perception toward agitate self-destruction among UTAR learners. We want to understand how the UTAR students turn over about suicide with carry disparate opinion from assorted races and sexual practice. We will distri stille 100 sheets of the skepticismnaire to UTAR students based on their races and gender. In this assignment, we will distribute 50 sheets of suss out question to male students and 50 sheets for womanly students. In this questionnaire we in like manner collect about UTAR students opinion which is does suicide makes soreness disappear? Most of the students answer no, beca design they animadvert set suicide cannot help them solve the problem, it just a office to deny from the problem. So they should call up positively and come up the solution because all problem hire their own solution, just see how we discern the issues. If we try to eat up suicide it just make well-nigh trouble to our family because they will to face the society, whitethornbe your live will talk bad word about your family.Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Literature Review by and by our searching for whole week, we had found at to the lowest degree 5 academic journals with online source from not only Malayansia, but in former(a) country in Asia too. From these journals and insure, we able to have to a greater extent understanding on suicide rate among several countries in Asia and Malaysia, the pattern, or the frequently used mode, and even round of the reason for suicide. Two of the journals published by same organization, which is interior(a) Suicide cash register Malaysia, be about the research on Malaysia. adept of them is explaining objective and the selective information watchion method for research in NSRM, while other journal explain about what they found, example like stated out the high find group, and the factor cause suicide, based on the data they collect so far. Another journal we found is not provided by NSRM, but also re freshd to Malaysia. In this research, they concentrate about the race suicide method, and eld group of suicide victim, this provide us helpful information that able us to see a more clear picture about suicide in Malaysia.Other cardinal journals is talking about the research in other countries of Asia, one of them is a research conducted by World health governing body in 2008 regarding the suicide case among countries, while another is a old research that had conduct a similar research, which also the 48 countries, published by University of North Carolina Press in 1965. According to one of the journal we found (Quinney, 1965) even though there was no research conducted in Malaysia that measure, but still, it enables us to know that a country economic development level will also affect the suicide rate. The other journals, which we found, had found a similar develop group that has high frequency to suicide compared to other eld group. The high risk group of suicide is 20-30, which is young adult stage (Hayati & Khairul, 2008 Nadesan, 1999 Hendin et al., 2008).These were also two journals, which is research on Malaysia, found out that the intimately common method people use to suicide is serveing, poisoning and jump from height (Hayati & Khairul, 2008, Nadesan, 1999). The method of jumping off from height and by poisoning themselves cases had been increased, meanwhile hanging themselves has been decreased compared to two decade ago (Hayati & Khairul, 2008). In order to know more about suicide case in Malaysia, it was necessary to do more research within Malaysia for the factor of suicide, since we cannot deny the fact that media influence nowadays has slowly compel one of the about influencing factor that increased suicide, example poisoning case had increased since Indian movie had introduced the way of suicide by consuming rootage kernel of yellow oleander plant (Nadesan, 1999).1.2 Research QuestionOur purpose of conducting th is research is have a better understanding in study 2 main category group of UTAR students towards suicide cases. We decided to focus in both gender and 3 main races and others. We would like to look into Gender differences as our first research question by setting the question What are the perceptions in gender differences towards suicide cases in Malaysia? due to the reason that different gender will have different perception on that particular cases and will able to get more opinion and feedback. Besides, we also choose to concentrate in Races which including Chinese, Malay, Indians and others. What are the opinions of difference races towards suicide cases in Malaysia? will be our second research question. In this question we would like to find out all the different perception from different races due to culture issue or family background issue to view on suicide cases.Chapter 2 Method2.1 RespondentIn this research, our population is on UTAR students and we will choose 100 stude nts as our sample. From the 100 students we will differentiate into 2 part which are the gender and the races because we are using the stratified sampling method. The definition of stratified samping method is we will dividing the population into groups according to some characteristic (Allan,2009,p.12), for example we will distribute the questionnaire equally to the students which is 50 male students and 50 female students, from the gender we will divide it into difference races. We plan to distribute 50 questionnaire to Chinese students, 30 questionnaire to Indian students, 10 questionnaire to Malay students and other races students. After that from the races we will divide it into 2 part which is the gender.2.2 ApparatusWe will use check question to collect our data because it is the straightforward instrument to help us gain some data, we create the question by ourselves which is after having group discussion. In this questionnaire, it contain 10 question which incude 9 opend ed question and 1 closed ended question. We forming the question based on the 4 type of measurement which are norminal, ordinal, interval and ratio(Allan, 2009, p. 7-8). In this survey question it contain 1 ratio question, 4 norminal questions, 3 interval questions and 2 ordinal questions.2.3 ProcedureActivities Week (duration)The tutor briefly discuss about how to do the assignment and APA format. Week 1 We start to form a group which is 5 people in the group. We discuss a topic which we interested in and finally we plan to do a topic which is The Perception among UTAR Students toward Suicide. We also distribute some task among the group members and find some journals that are related with the topic. Week 2 In week 3, we discuss again among the group members and start to create a questionnaire that is related with our topic. After discussing, we plan to create 10 questions which include open ended and closed ended question. Week 3 After that, we type the questionnaire and consult w ith the tutor and permit her checks whether the questions are reliable to use or not.At the same clipping, we also give her check the journal whether it can be used or not. On the consultation time, she guides and teaches us how to complete this assignment. Week 4 In week 5, after the tutor agrees with our questionnaire, then we start to print 100 sheet of survey question and distribute it to the UTAR students based on our sample. Week 5 This week is our critical period which we have to collect all the data and interpret it. We also have to summarize all the data and create a graphical record to show that we done the entire task. Week 6 Finally, this week is coming and we should hang in our assignment. Luckily we can do it on time.Chapter 3 ResultsQuestion 1 Which gender is the highest possibility to commit suicide?Most of the male respondents signify that man is common in commit suicide, while most of the female respondents think that woman is common in commit suicide.According to the bar graph, the Chinese and Malay respondents think that woman has the highest tendency to commit suicide while vice versa for the Indian and other races respondents who think that man has the higher(prenominal) tendency to commit suicide. Question 2 Which is the majority races involve in suicide?The pie charts above show that for male respondents, Chinese has the highest chance to involve in suicide and is followed by Indian. The UTAR male students think that just 10% of Malay will commit suicide and 0% for other races. However, in female respondents opinion, they think that 52% of Chinese will involve in suicide cases and is followed by Indian which is 40%. Lastly, only 8% of female students think that Malay will involve in commit suicide and 0% for other races. From this 2 pie chart we can conclude that most of the students think that Chinese is the highest chances to involve in this case.The bar graph above shows that most of the UTAR students think that Chinese is the maj ority race that involved in suicide. Indian is the second highest chance to involve in suicide cases and is followed by the Malay. No students choose for the others races because there is only a small population of other races compared to the three major races in Malaysia, so they are not good involved in suicide cases. Majority of the UTAR Chinese students think that Chinese are easily to involve in suicide because they think that Chinese are afraid to lose, so they scared to share their problem with their family members or their relay transmitters even though when they faced any problem.Question 3 Which shows the most common range of age in commit suicide in Malaysia?Both male and female respondents think that age range between 17 and 21 has the highest tendency to commit suicide, followed by 22-26, 27-31, and then other age range which will be above 31. Age range between 12 and 16 has the lowest vote from male respondents but none from female respondents.Age range between 17 an d 21 has the highest vote from the Chinese and Indian respondents, followed by the age range of 22-26 and 27-31. Age ranges of 17-21, 22-26 and 27-31 get the equal votes from other races. The age range between 27-31 get the highest votes while 22-26 get the lowest votes among the Malay respondents. Others age ranges which are above 31 got the same votes from Chinese and Indian respondents only, but no vote for the age range between 12-16. Question 4 In which condition will caused people have the intension to commit suicide in Malaysia?Based on the pie charts above, we can conclude that most of the UTAR students will give their idea on people who tend to suicide are due to the relationship issue with a percentage of 34% of male student and 42% of the female student. Besides, it can also clearly show that people do not put the blame on the mass media factor.According to the report of Hayati and Kamarul from National Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM) (2008), they stated all the young ma le adults will tend to commit suicide due to the reason of being unhappy up with the transition to adult roles and relationship issues. It is also the timing in a higher risk of getting mental disorder, or easily devil to alcohol and drugs to overcome their current issue. As the lowest possibility to the influences toward commit suicide is mass media where may be down to the reason that people may tend to learn from the drama or movie with related to suicide cases.The bar graph above shows that, all the races do agree with the point of view that most of the people who commit suicide are because of relationship issue. Current flow that showing a very obvious example of committing suicide caused by relationship issue which is the case of Alviss Kong. Before he commits suicide, he leaved the last message stated that his failure in love relationship with his girlfriend. He felt that he had nothing else to give him motivation to continue to stay alive. Most of the suicidal that because of relationship issue will tend to look in their relationship as a very cardinal factor to stay alive.In another point of view for all the suicide among seniors in suggested risk factors such as including unemployment, isolation, poor health, pain, depression, alcoholism, low self-esteem, feeling rejected a history of mental illness, and previous suicide attempts (NSRM, 2008). As a result, most of the late middle-age people will face the financial problem due to unemployment and lack of self confidence. Question 5 Generally how Malaysian commits suicide?In this question, we ask the participants to rank the method of commit suicide from the most frequently used to the most rarely used based on their opinions. First, we will look for the data by different opinion between both genders. According to the data we collect, both genders, which are male and female, got the same opinion that the Malaysians will alship canal use jumping from height to suicide, then followed by wrist cutting. The participants from both genders also ranked that self-immolation is the most rarely method use in suicide in Malaysia.Then we collect the data and divide it based on the races. We found out that, in most participants, no matter what race they are, also think that jumping from height is the most frequently used method to suicide in Malaysia. Many of Chinese participants chose to believe that the second frequently used method to suicide is by overdose on medicine, which is a totally different from other race, which they think this method is rare method among Malaysian. Except for Indian participant, other race think that the self immolation method still is the rarest method that used in Malaysia.Most of the participant, regarding of their race and gender, also think that jumping from height is the most common used method to suicide in Malaysia. From our searching, we found out that the jumping from height method is the second frequently used method as well hanging (National Suic ide Registry Malaysia, 2007). This maybe is because the media influence, which the newspaper always got report or news that people suicide and died, for example Alviss Kong case which the method he used is exactly jumping from height, this somehow influence participant got deep impression in it.Chinese participants mostly chose the taking of overdose on medicine is the second frequently used method for suicide in Malaysia, which we interpret that is because the Chinese normally will try the most relaxing or less(prenominal) painful way to suicide when compared to other races. Question 6 How to keep on people from commit suicide in Malaysia?Based on the chart, the highest respond comes towards the topper way to prevent from commit suicide is share a problem with friends. 42 people support towards share a problem with a friend as the best way to prevent from commit suicide. It includes 15 males and 27 females. The second highest way rank to 40 people who sound off that bring a couns elor is the best way. 23 males and 17 females give a respond towards it. The least response agreed with mass media is 7 people which are 5 males and 2 females.Based from the graph, we can conclude that, the races that support the most towards the way by meeting a counselor as the best way to prevent from commit suicide is Chinese and Indians. Both showing 15 peoples and followed by Malay and others with the same value or amount of people that is 5 people. Most of the Chinese support towards share a problem with a friends as the best way to prevents from commit suicide and followed by Indian who more to meet a counselor as the best way. It show 50% of them support towards it. Less people supported that mass media is the best way to prevent commit suicide. It shows the range of 4 Chinese, 2 Indians, 4 Malays and 1 from other races. Question 7 Do you think euthanasia is considered as commit suicide?The pie chart above show that, 40% of the male students and 24% of female students think that euthanasia is considered as commit suicide. However, 60% of male students and 76% of female students think that euthanasia is not considered as commit suicide. From this pie chart, we can say that most of the students do not agree that euthanasia is considered as commit suicide. It is because they think euthanasia is ways to help those patients that are suffer from the pain to feel relief.The graph shows that most of the UTAR students from different races think that euthanasia is not considered as commit suicide. The graph also shows that just few of the students think that euthanasia is considered as commit suicide. There have 16 Chinese students, 9 Indian students, 4 Malay students and 7 other races students think that euthanasia is considered as commit suicide.Chapter 4 DiscussionThe findings on this topic are based on the genders and the races among adolescents and adults in Malaysia. The surveys done among UTAR studentsshow that woman has the highest probability among gen der while Chinese has the highest risks among races in exposure to commit suicide, while age range between 17-26 has higher rate compared to others. The conditions that caused people have the intensity to commit suicide are mostly related to the relationship issue and financial problem and the common ways used to commit suicide are jumping from the height and wrist cutting. The ways that suggested by the respondents are to share their problems with friends or family, and refer to psychiatrist or counselor.Most of the participants do not think that euthanasia is considered as commit suicide. They also agreed that people who commit suicide have low aflame Quotient (EQ) and agreed that most of the suicidal who want to commit suicide are because of feeling helpless or hopeless. Most of the results show similarities to our research except for the gender, races and age in which we found out that most of the research showed that man (gender) and Indian (races) have the highest tendency to commit suicide. And some research also showed that middle-aged and ripened persons have the high suicide rate. (Hayati & Kamarul, 2008)The problems that we faced during the research are mostly due to the time and cost. The time for us to do the research is too swindle because of the holidays, and some of the group members who came from STPM background have not expose to the introduction to psychology, the style of APA citation and the method to do an assignment. Hence, a lot of effort and time are used by the group members to understand the APA style and the way of doing assignment. Besides, we also faced the problems on transportation and the places of each members currently staying as some of the members stayed at different areas. The printing of the survey forms and the assignment cost a lot for students as they are not working and might be do a burden for them especially for those that are from poor family. The other problem that we faced during the research is some of the p articipants may not serious when they were filling the survey form, fear to tell the truth, or do not have enough information about the topic caused us could not get accurate results.One of the proffer from the group members is the time to hand up the assignment can be delay until the end of the week (Friday) so that the members have enough time to gather around to discuss and make a summary together as the members can only meet at the campus to make discussion. Another suggestion is students should be exposed to the introduction to psychology and APA format for the Year One Semester One students as they are still new and do not have much information to this field. Besides that, two sets of questionnaire can be printed into one piece of A4 paper and cut into half. This method is not can save the cost, but also can reduce the number of paper used. Lastly, the students should be informed and advised to take the survey seriously as their opinions are very important and can affect the results of the survey.ReferencesAllan, G. (2009). Elementary statistics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education Chris, G. (n.d). Age, gender, and suicide A cross-national analysis, 553-574. Retrieved February 12, 2011, from JSTOR online database Hayati and Aziz, (2008). National Suicide Registry Malaysia preliminary report July-December 2007, 1-27. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from National Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM) Hayati and Kamarul, (2008). National Suicide Registry Malaysia, 50-54. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from National Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM) Murad, M. (2005). Suicide prevention and developing countries, 459-463. Retrieved February 8, 2011, from Journal of the royal society of medicine Quinney, (1963). Suicide, Homicide and economic development, 401-406. Retrieved February 12, 2011, from JSTOR online database

Detailed Guidance Essay

The key to doing well on this task is detail. Several sections require that you analyze information. This requires that you read carefully, speculate deeply and show your insight that you gained from the information provided in the baptistery study.A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and WeaknessesWhen picking out the strengths and weaknesses of symphony there isnt a list to which you abide refer. Rather, you lead want to read the case study carefully and to use your insight to discover indications of strengths and weaknesses in the data provided in the case. Be sure to allege examples and to address all four required areas including pecuniary strengths/financial weaknesses & leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses of the symphony. The key will be to think deeply just about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses.When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you top executive consider imply profit great power, stability, capital availabilit y, reliance on revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that matter finances etcetera and any function that you believe would affect the finances of the firm in a positive or negative way.When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on the leaders of the symphony, Keith Lockhart. What his strengths that you sewer make a case would improve is effectiveness as a leader? What are his weaknesses that would lessen his effectiveness as leader? Another thing to consider would be if there are any va micklet key positions that would influence the leadership of the organization.Be sure to expound upon distributively strength and weakness. For a theoretic example if I were to indicate that the opera had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was ac tual a financial weakness. nowadays that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and because regard on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness.A1a. Steps for Utah SymphonyNow youve provided some really good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the symphony and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that youve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets asunder a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses.A2. Utah Opera Strengths and WeaknessesReview the case study carefully to find examples of the strengths and weaknesses in the financial and leadership aspects of the symphony. Be sure to muster examples and to address all four required areas including financial strengths/financial weaknesses & leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses.When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include profitability, stability, capital, liquidity, revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc.When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on Anne Ewers. What are her leadership strengths? What are her strengths that you can make a case for would assist h er ability to lead? What are her leadership weaknesses? Does she have any personal liabilities that wouldweaken her ability to lead.Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example if I were to indicate that the symphony had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness. Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness.A2a. Steps for Utah OperaNow youve provided some good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the Opera and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that youve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses.A3. Scorecard AspectsFind and download the Balanced Scorecard document given to you in Task Stream. The balance scorecard is not covered in your book. Look at the book from SkillPort Performance Drivers A Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard. This is where the template came from. commemorate chapter 1, 2 and 3 to best understand it. Compare the information in the current scorecards for each familiarity to the cultures you can discern from the case study. Do you think the scorecards adequately address the strengths and weaknesses? Why or why not?B. Merged Company Balanced Scorecard(Create a Balanced Scorecard for the merged company using the strategic goals. These goals are given to you in the directions for the task (see information above the questions).Dont just combine the symphony and opera goals, CSFs and measurement. Use the strategic goals to develop a goal for each of the four aspects. Now, be creative, what should the critical success factors and measurements be? Make sure to create and include a vision statement and a business model statement (you can use the ones on the symphony and opera balance scorecards as a model). When creating the goals for the individual sections of the balanced scorecard you will want to create goals that are specific to the section (finance, customer, intrinsic etc.) but that, if achieved, would help the company to achieve the cardinal first -year strategic goals that are identified at the top of the task.C. Merged Company Strengths and WeaknessesThe key here is to analyze the company utilizing the balances scorecard as an analytic tool. In earlier sections you had to analyze strengths and weaknesses as you pull them out of the facts of a case study. However, now you have been introduced to a new analytical tool the balanced scorecard and you will need to analyze each element of the balanced scorecard. You should analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the merged company addressing each section of the scorecard e.g. financial customer, internal process & learning and growth.D. IssuesFrom reading the case study and after reading about change management in Chapter 18 of the Kreitner and Kinicki, discuss an issue in each of the 3 areas (finance, human resources, and customer satisfaction) then include good mitigating steps that Anne could take to prevent the problem.D1. Mitigating Actions This section requires that you id entify 3 actions that Anne can directly take to mitigate the three issues you identified above. (You should provide one recommendation for each of the issues that you identified in part D.) You should not only identify, but should overlyexplain, exactly what Anne should do for each of the three recommendations that you provide.E. In-Text Citations and References in APA FormatEvery reference that is listed on the Reference list should have been cited in-text in your response. If you did not cite something in-text it should be taken off of this reference list. However, at minimum you should cite the case study and the course textbook and there should be corresponding in-text citations inside your response.

Costs and Direct Labor Cost

Midterm2Practice Key 1. The following data have been recorded for recently completed Job 501 on its job follow sheet. Direct materials salute was $3,067. A total of 30 channel crowd- mos and 104 machine-hours were worked on the job. The direct labor wage rate is $12 per labor-hour. The phoner applies manufacturing hit on the basis of machinehours. The predetermined command processing operating expense time rate is $11 per machine-hour. The total bell for the job on its job be sheet would be A. $4,571 B. $3,757 C. $3,090 D. 3,427 Applied manufacturing overhead = Predetermined overhead rate x Actual machine-hours Applied manufacturing overhead = $11 x 104 Applied manufacturing overhead = $1,144 Total cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Applied manufacturing overhead Total cost of Job 607 = $3,067 + (30 x $12) + $1,144 = $4,571 Loraine Company applies manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate of 70% of direct labor cost. Any underapplied or overap plied overhead cost is closed to live of Goods Sold at the end of the month. During August, the following transactions were recorded by the company 2.The amount of direct materials cost in the August 31 Work in Process inventory account was A. $10,200 B. $9,000 C. $4,800 D. $4,200 3. The Cost of Goods Manufactured for August was A. $69,600 B. $69,500 C. $76,900 D. $84,500 4. The balance on August 1 in the Raw Materials inventory account was A. $4,500 B. $7,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,500 5. Schrick Inc. manufactures a variety of products. inconstant costing nett in operation(p) income was $86,800 last grade and ending inventory increased by 1,900 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead cost was $6 per unit. What was the absorption costing net operating income last year? A. 86,800 B. $75,400 C. $98,200 D. $11,400 Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $6 x 1,900 = $11,400 Absorption costing net income = uncertain costing net operating income + Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $86 ,800 + $11,400 = $98,200 6. Ben Company produces a single product. Last year, the companys net operating income under absorption costing was $4,400 lower than under multivariate costing. The company sold 8,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $8 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $1 per unit in beginning inventory under absorption costing.How many a(prenominal) units did the company produce during the year? A. 12,400 units B. 3,600 units C. 7,120 units D. 7,450 units building block unyielding manufacturing overhead = (Difference in income / Change in inventory) = $4,400 Change in inventory = $1 Change in inventory = 4,400 units Units produced during the year = 8,000 units sold 4,400 units change in inventory = 3,600 units Ross Company produces a single product. The company has direct materials costs of $8 per unit, direct labor costs of $6 per unit, and manufacturing overhead of $10 per unit. Sixty percent of t he manufacturing overhead is for fixed costs.In addition, variable selling and administrative costs are $2 per unit, and fixed selling and administrative costs are $3 per unit at the current action level. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 7. low absorption costing, the unit product cost is A. $24 B. $20 C. $26 D. $29 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead cost + Fixed manufacturing overhead cost = $8 + $6 + $10* = $24 * Manufacturing overhead cost of $10 includes variable and fixed costs. 8. low variable costing, the unit product cost is A. $24 B. $20 C. $18 D. 21 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead = $8 + $6 + $10 x (100% 60%) = $8 + $6 + $4= $18 9. Viren Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing arrangement The company makes 240 units of product T91H a year, requiring a total of 550 machine-hours, 90 orders, and 40 inspection-hours per year. The products direct materials cost is $16. 98 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 09 per unit. check to the activity-based costing system, the average cost of product T91H is closest to A. $79. 66 per unit B. 90. 81 per unit C. $29. 07 per unit D. $75. 70 per unit 10. Data concerning three of the activity cost pools of Bramhall LLC, a legal firm, have been provided below The activity rate for the meeting with clients activity cost pool is closest to A. $125 per meeting hour B. $65 per meeting hour C. $80 per meeting hour D. $665,500 per meeting hour Kleppe Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing accounting system The opposite activity cost pool consists of the costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs that are not assigned to products. 1. How much indirect pulverization wages and factory equipment depreciation cost would be assigned to the Customer Orders activity cost pool? A. $240,000 B. $72,000 C. $68,000 D. $480, 000 12. How much indirect factory wages and factory equipment depreciation cost would NOT be assigned to products using the activity-based costing system? A. $0 B. $68,000 C. $280,000 D. $200,000 13. In this problem, there are three possible overhead allocation bases direct labor (present system), machine hours (the proposed system), and number of batches.First, calculate product costs under each of the three allocation schemes (a). Direct labor cost as the allocation base (present system) Bluethings 120,000 . 50 $60,000 95. 238% 342,857 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 . 50 $3,000 4. 762% 17,143 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 add together of units Direct labor/unit Direct labor cost % of total direct labor cost Overhead allocated Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $63,000 360,000 63,000 $486,000 (b). Machine hours as the allocation base (proposed system) Bluethings 120,000 600 200 20 4000 95. 38% $342,857 60,000 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 30 20 0 1 200 4. 762% $17,143 3,000 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year x number of hours per batch Number of machine hours/year % of total machine hours Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost 4200 $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 (c). Number of batches as the allocation base Bluethings 120,000 600 200 50% $180,000 60,000 60,000 $300,000 $2. 50 Graythings 6,000 30 200 50% $180,000 3,000 3,000 $186,000 $31. 0 Total 126,000 400 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year % of total batches Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 Notice that allocating overhead by either direct labor or machine hours produces identical product costs. Thus, the proposed system change will not affect decision making. There are two cost drivers in Set-up Company. Unit volume drives direct materials and direct la bor, but set-ups (number of batches) appear to drive overhead costs.Allocating overhead using direct labor gives an incorrect impression of how overhead costs vary and distorts product costs. Overhead costs are incurred in setups. musical composition run times per unit of thing is the same for blues and grays, batch sizes differ considerably. In fact, bluethings and graythings each required 200 batches. Therefore, each product contention (as opposed to each unit of product) should be allocated an equal dollar amount of overhead. If this is done, then graythings become massive losers and bluethings are seen to be profitable, even with market charge of $3 per unit.

Core Areas of a Successful Business Essay

I.EthicsLeadership and morals ar more than closely related. They are wiz in the same. A famous quote by James MacGregor Burns sums up the correlation well, Divorced from ethics, attractership is reduced to management and politics to unspotted technique. (James Macgregor Burns) The quote touches on two very distinct differences. One aspect is drawing cardship, and the other management. One who is a drawing card has the ability to inspire. He or she foot inspire others to work harder, take on tasks thought to be impossible, and the leader could as well as inspire ideas. The ideas could come directly from a leader, or from those nigh him or her.A leader has complete clarity and vision. They in any case dupe a knack for overcoming obstacles and having others see and share their viewpoint. some other attribute that great leaders sustain is the ability to show balance when handling various issues. They are able to balance ethic justice with ethic core. Ethic justice is define d by law and logic, as ethic core is defined by how it influences people on an emotional level. There have been various examples of ethical violations or clean ambiguity in calling involving companies such as ENRON and TYCO.These companies were all ab come out of the closet the perception of triumph. However, if someone were to investigate into the numbers, he would see there were expert problems. concealing debt in dummy companies and offering excessive bonuses to executives are just a few examples of these violations. Where was the oversight? Well, the people who were in charge hand their hands out like everyone else. These individuals seemed oblivious to the consequences of their actions or those who would be hurt in the process due to their greed. Key ratiocinations werent made at lower management level. Rather, they were world made at the executive level Isnt it the image of effective managers to prevent occurrences like this from happening? What is managements position in these finicky circumstances? Is there a specific procedure they should always follow?II.Processes of ManagementHow do management and leadership differ from one another? It is silk hat simplified by this quote from Peter Drucker, Management is doing things right leadership is doing the right things. The terms manager and leadership are commonly used to sloshed the same idea, although they serve different purposes. Mr. Drucker gives a glimpse of the differences within his quote. Management is defined as a process that is used within an shaping to help oneself accomplish coatings. The overall process of management includes planning, organizing, leading, and utilizing individuals and resources available within the organization.Planning is all close st rangegy and positioning. Having a clear judgement of the companys nonsubjectives lead streamline the planning portion of the process. Being able to identify trends are critical in meeting the demands of a business. A well-dev eloped plan will help diminish the chances of failure of an organization. The plan requires structure and a aggroup to deliver the plan. It is important that the structure be in business office, and everyone has a clear understanding of their role.The concepts of organizational structures have in practiced for nearly one c years. In 1919, a French economic theoretician Henri Fayol produce a take titled Administration Industrielle. It was one of the first publications that outlined the various aspects of a run shorting business structure. He spoke about how to silk hat to divide the function of business creating a unity of command, hierarchy of authority, division of labor, and putting in place clear channels of communication. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 207) Another theory was developed by pocket weber. Max Weber wrote a book titled The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations.He share umteen of the same theories as Henri Fayol. However, Max Weber was of the belief that less educated workers carried out tasks better if they were guided closely and given tight rules by middle management to be performed. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 208) Today many of those theories are still practiced. Businesses have to develop strategies allowing them to be nimble. If a business is slow to react to the market demands, they could be left behind. This is a costly overture for companies looking to expand. Organizations seem to be moving toward a decentralized authority. This empowers the managers and employees to make decisions based upon their market needs quickly. A debaucheder response time translates into alter customer relations and builds brand loyalty.This type of strategy is found in retail department store chains. On the other hand many fast food chains believe in the concept of centralized authority. All decisions on purchasing and promotion come from those in upper management. This allows companies such as McDonalds to keep their intersection point co nsistent. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 210) It is unlikely that a drastic philosophical change within retail or fast food will take place anytime soon. There have been innovative changes within other market segments concerning team structuring and how to best respond to the demands of the consumer. For example, if a company wants to introduce a untried product and bring it to market quickly they have the ability to pool their internal human resources. Simply put as bringing the best minds from all facets of the business and have them work on a specified project.This team is commonly subsistn as a cross functional team. What is so unique about this team is that they are self-managed. They may excessively share different managers during the task. The engineer may work closely with the team on the design of the product. However, when it is time to penetrate and brand the product the marketing manager may take over. They also work together on a long term basis reproduction new oppor tunities. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 218) Working in teams can be great at moving an organization forward and carrying out task delivered by management. Teams can also seize opportunity by having the ability to quickly respond to a changing market such as technology. The biggest advantage of working(a) in a team would have to be communication. Working as a team has far more advantages compared to its disadvantages.Some of the drawbacks would be the team having or developing a disconnection from the corporations core determine or a feeling that they are their own entity. This occurs when areas are departmentalized from other functions of the business. Sometimes, if a common goal is not reinforced, it can cause some employees to become disengaged. If you have ever been part of a team where one of the members is negative and disengaged it can become infectious. At a minimum it becomes a distraction and disruptive to the team and its progress. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 212) At what point does leadership step in to take charge? What role, if any, does leadership blowout in business?III.LeadershipLeadership is universal as the principles that define effective leadership are equitable worldwide. This is because leadership is mainly founded on principles that revolve near human relations. It usually requires one to be selfless. Individuals in leadership should always prioritize the needs of all the people who are under his command in the beginning his personal needs or interests. There are several styles that have resulted in effective leadership. These styles depend on the demands and requirements of the individuals involved and the tasks facing the institution. However, these styles have also been forced to evolve with the changes brought along by the 21st century. This section tackles the evolution of leadership taking into account various styles and use of varied examples in a bid to highlight and make the issue most comprehensible.Leadership styles revolve around three key points. The first includes the manner in which a leader gives guidelines or directions to his subordinates. Secondly, it is also determined by the method through which the leader implements his plans. Lastly, leadership style is also largely influenced by whether or not the leader motivates people to produce the desired results. Leadership styles are usually categorized into three different and unique styles when referring to individual leaders. One of the leadership styles that have been around for ages is the authoritarian or autocratic type of leadership. In this case, the leader gives the employees orders on what they want to be executed and the execution manner. An authoritarian leader usually is strict on the regulations and policies governing the employees of the company. An example of an authoritarian leader is a traffic police officer vainglorious directions to motorists (Glanz, 2002).According to Glanz, a true leader is best characterized if he or she se rves as a role model to others by promoting corporation between them. Moreover, one should also empower other individuals by giving praise where necessary or including them in the process of decision making. Lastly, a leader should communicate effectively to his employees on both his values and those that govern the organization. Another form of leadership style is democratic or participative type of leadership. In this case, the individual in the leadership position includes other people in decision making. Despite this, the leader is the one to make the final decision on the matters at hand. There is also a leadership style where the leader delegates the role of decision making to the employees while giving minimal or no guidance.This style is referred to as free-rein or delegative type of leadership. This style works well where the employees are competent, and the leader has confidence in them. Having any characteristics of these three leadership styles doesnt mean you cant enhan ce your role as a leader/manager with vision, value, and ethics. How does following these important guidelines correct your role as a leader? Leaders that impact businesses and employees on a daily basis know what they value. They also recognize the importance of utilizing their ethical behavior. The best leaders exhibit their values and ethics in their leadership style and actions. Defining your leadership ethics and values should be visible because you are living them in your actions every single day.A lack of trust can become a serious problem in many workplaces throughout the business world. If leaders never identified their values in these workplaces, the mistrust becomes understandable. If leaders have identified and shared their core values then living those values daily will create trust with everyone. Workplace ethics take the same route when the organizations leadership has a code of conduct and ethical expectation they become an organization joke if the leaders fail to l ive up to their published code of ethics. Leaders that exhibit ethical behavior powerfully influence the actions of others including the employees that will eventually make that leader successful. As a leader, choose the values and the ethics that are most important to you, the values and ethics you believe in and that define your character. Then live them visibly every day in the workplace. Living your values is one of the most powerful tools available to you to help you lead and influence others.Just as in the business text of rank leaders must communicate a vision, establish their values, promote their corporate ethics, and embrace change, and stress accountability and responsibility among employees to become an effective leader in management. How could you improve your role as a leader/manager to become more effective? Managers are often seen as administrators and not leaders, depending on how we define leadership. The meaning of leadership is defined as promoting new direction either in people or organizations. It has nothing to do with being in a position of authority over others. What do we define as management? This is having responsibility for people and other resources with the goal of getting work done as efficiently and effectively as possible.The goal of the manager is to execute the directions promoted by the leader. Managers do not differ from leaders based on their personalities or styles as leaders are not just more lively, charismatic or larger than life managers. Any manager can lead by promoting new directions. Managers can be as inspiring as leaders even when they are wearing their managerial hat hence, aiming to get work done efficiently, they gauge to inspire employees to improve performance rather than move them to change direction as leaders do. Both leaders and managers can influence quietly or by example without being charismatic. Any person can step into management, but the real question is how that individual is going to lead his people or team. Managers become successful only by understanding what it takes to be an effective leader to promote change with accountability. An individual can manage, but the true success of a powerful leader is the reflection of performance among its subordinates.An imposing leader knows how to manage as well as how to promote change effectively and positively from leading by example. Becoming an effective leader will eventually give an individual the success to reach his/her employees through positive influence and by achieving the high expectations handed down by the company objective. It is up to the individual leader on how he wants to manage his people in order to get hold the best end-results. Taking all of these aspects into consideration, does someone in a leadership position have an obligation to motivate his or her employees, or is it up to the employee to bring his or her motivation?IV.Employee MotivationMany corporations today explore various strategies on how to improve production and motivate their staff to give one hundred percent toward the companys goals. The most successful companies and organizations always seem to have extraordinarily strong leadership. There are many ways in which strong leadership can motivate the employees in an organization. Strong leadership can be used to energize a team in the workplace. A formidable leader should create a positive correlation between the workers and their employer. Moreover, the leader should be able to pool energy from each worker so as to improve performance and productivity as a team. Strong leaders have enormous reserves of spiritual, emotional and physical energy.The leader should be able to create a time for reflection of performance and also interpersonal evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of every employee. This is because the investment in employees helps to improve performance and also improve motivation (Adair, 1998). Powerful leadership in the workplace can help to motivat e the employees through effective communication. Communication helps to influence employees to improve their performance. In addition, delegation of duties within an organization is carried through communication, and it is essential for employees to communicate their concerns in the workplace to avoid inconvenience. An influential leader is a person who listens to the grievances of the subordinates and provides possible solutions to improve the level of performance.Moreover, a prominent leader should also be empowered to solve problems and to suggest solutions for the problems affecting the employees in the workplace. This promoter the information from every employee should be handled with the respect it deserves, including a concentrated effort placed on improving interpersonal relations with their employees. This reduces conflicts and creates a platform for employees to act as a team (Advameg, 2012). One valuable method to motivate employees in the workplace is to mentor them and encourage them to grow and work as a team. This improves their partnerships and helps the organization to benefit in the long run. The fundamentals of motivation should be based on influencing the employees and helping them to achieve success. In essence, the leader should limit the regulations and set rules.Any change of an objective or rule should be communicated effectively to avoid frustrations which may be created by the confusion. It should also be understood that employees work effectively in an surroundings where there are reduced rules and regulations. The rules should be developed in such a manner that they enhance integration and gluiness within the workplace (Emmerich, 2009). laurels the employees who have performed well in an organization is one of the ways which motivates them and improves their capability. The top leadership should ensure that there is the creation of inducement programs in which the best do employees are awarded according to their performance in the workplace. The main purpose for creation of incentive programs is to show the employees that the organization values and cares about them.In addition, through the recognise of performance employees are encouraged to continue to seek improvement in their job. The production of employees is prone to improver after they have been motivated using incentive programs Messmer, 1995). Incentive programs motivate performance through maximization of results. Outstanding performance over a period of time should be rewarded through promotion or through the provision of incentives. The incentives should be based on hard work and should vary from one employee to the other. This helps to improve competition and also to help motivate the weaker employees to increase their performance within the organization. The leadership has the obligation to create a program in which the top performers are rewarded according to their performance in the work place.Alternatively, the salaries and wages of the top performing employees should be increase to encourage them to work towards achievement of personal goals and objectives (Emmerich, 2009). Performance based on consistent meeting of the objectives should also be rewarded. Some form of compensation helps to encourage employees to invest their personal best into an organization. Employers who reward their subordinates on performance based on consistency have increased rates in meeting of personal goals and objectives. Rewarding the employees shows them that they are important, and increases their level of motivation, consequently leading to excellent performance. This also shows employees that they are highly valued and are significant assets to management. Furthermore, rewarding employees helps to retain them and increase their morale in the workplace.Employees should also receive unexpected rewards to express appreciation for all of their diligence on the job. This unlooked-for compensation explicitly illustrates their import ance in the organization (Messmer, 1995). One of the proven ways of motivating employees is the reduction of turnover in the workplace. Reducing turnover creates cohesion and trust among the employees. Reduction of turnover also helps to maximize potential through reduction of the costs of retaining valuable employees. When the numbers of employees are at an optimum level, the rate of performance increases. This means that hardworking and promising employees within an organization should be retained while the unproductive employees should be dismissed. Arguably, it is evident that employees who leave their employment have the reason of being unmotivated and unsatisfied.Good leadership would solve these problems while helping to improve performance in the long run. However, the individual who displays a smack of pride complimented with self-motivation is the most valued employee and a key contributor to the success of any organization. (Advameg, 2012). Operating a successful busines s is by no means any easy task. For lack of a better analogy, its like a well-oiled machine. All the enchantments have to be working together and each piece doing its fair share of the work. If one were to go down, then the others have to pick up the slack for the malfunctioning section. In business, each position has to be working together to achieve successful financial as well as intangibly. If not, then a company could very well be on the cart track to failure.

Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice System Essay

IntroductionTwenty-five percent of the worlds prison population, 2.5 million people, atomic number 18 held in American penal institutions. (ACLU, 2008). Sixty percent of those incarcerated atomic number 18 racial and ethnic minorities. These figures mean that 2.3% of all African Americans are incarcerated. The percent develop of dusters admitted to prison is 0.4% of whites and Hispanics, 0.7%. (Associated Press, 2007 Bonczar, 2003 Mauer & King, 2007 ACLU, 2008 bridge over & Sheen, 1998). One of the primary contributors to this gross disproportion of enslavement of blacks is the result of the war on doses and tough on crime initiatives that were established in the 80s. The aggressive legality enforcement strategies of The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, disproportionately begeted, convicted, and incarcerated millions of blacks for relatively minor nonviolent drug offenses as compared to white offenders.The dramatic escalation of incarceration for drug offenses was accompanied by grievous racial disparities. portentouss were incarcerated at a grossly disproportionate rate to white Americans and blacks received much harsher and longer sentences, 14.5% longer, creating racial inconsistency within the savage jurist governance (Alexander, 2010 Austin, et al. Georges-Abeyie, 2006 Gonzlez & Chang, 2011 lynch & William, 1997 Mauer, 2007 Mauer & King, 2007 Spohn, 2000 (Alexander, 2010, Associated Press, 2007, Mauer M. 2009 Mauer M., 2008 Spohn, 2000) Mass incarceration functions more like a caste system than a system of crime prevention serves the same part as pre-Civil War slavery and the post-Civil War Jim Crow righteousnesss to maintain a racial caste system a system protrudeed to keep a racial group locked into an inferior position by law and customs. (Alexander, 2010)While scholars puddle long analyzed the connection between race and Americas criminal rightness system, argue that our growing penal system, with its black tinge, constitutes nothing les s than a new form of Jim Crow. on that point are writers that feel the paritys myopic focus on the War on Drugs diverts us from discussing violent crimean oversight when discussing mass interaction in the United States. (James Forman) There is no dispute as to the extent of the escalation in criminalization and incarceration in the United States in the 40-year war on drugs. That violent offenders make up a plurality ofthe prison population, but research has shown that the unequal enforcement of mandatory policies in place, black males received longer terms than whites for similar drug offenses, 14.5% longer, this creates the direct of mass incarceration that racial disparity within the criminal referee system. ). Look at states in there Midwest and northeast have the great black-to-white disparity in incarceration.So when states as Iowa, the 10th safest state in the US, 91.3% of the population is white (88.7% non-Hispanic),and 2.9% is Black or African American, how is it for e very 100,000 people Iowa incarcerates 309 white and 4200 are black, imprisoning black at 13 measure the rate of whites. The unequal enforcement of mandatory policies in place, black males received longer terms than whites for similar drug offenses, 14.5% longer, this creates the level of mass incarceration that racial disparity within the criminal justice system. Supporting entropy shows the extraordinary increases in several states of nonwhite drug offenders committed to prison receiving harsher sentences for similar drug offences. (Alexander, 2010 Tonry, 1994 (ACLU, 2008 Alexander, 2010 Green, 2012Lacey, 2010 Bonczar, 2003 Glaze & Herberman, 2010 Mauer, 2009 Mauer, 2008 M Mauer and King (2007)Russell-Brown, 2008 Mauer & King 2007 The Institute for political economy and Peace, 2012 Petersilia,1983 Loury, 2010 Russell-Brown, 2008).There have been studies in theoretical foundation and methodological sophistication to assess the disproportionality in incarceration of racial minorit ies. Research has dispelled the assertion that blacks are disproportionality sentenced and incarcerated due solely to differential crime commission rates. All actors within the criminal justice system are under the delusion, or pretense, of objectivity in the criminal justice system. (Spohn, 2000 Russell-Brown, 2008) In response to this gap in literature, the present-day(prenominal) study will focus exclusively on the consistent patterns indicating that offender race operates directly through other factors, arresting officer, prior record, type of crime, pretrial conference status or type of disposition, or interacts with other variables that are themselves related to racial disparity. I will besides attempt to determine why these disproportionalities endure by examining the criminal justice system policies and practices that have contributed in recent decades to the disproportionate overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system.Literature ReviewCriminologist a nd social-political geographer Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie introduced the concept and hypothesis of petit apartheid in criminal justice and juvenile justice in 1990 to describe discriminatory, ingenuityary acts by law enforcement, correctional officers, and jurists that advantage or disadvantage an individual, or individuals, on grounds of their identity characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sex, sexual orientation, age, religion, or nationality Georges-Abeyie Petit Apartheid Social Distance Severity Scale to predict criminal justice forge outcomes when the identity characteristics of those making discretionary decisions and those impacted are similar or dissimilar. Petit Apartheid Social Distance Severity Scale. His frank interview with arbitrator Bruce Wright confirmed that to each one actor brings his personal prepossession into his duties in the criminal justice system.New York State Supreme Court Justice the Honorable McM. Bruce Wright, author of Black Robes, Whi te Justice (1992), a criminal justice advocate, believed that a judge should consciously be Black, Hispanic, female, working segmentation, et cetera, while adjudicating. Judge Wright believed that all judges manifested their social, cultural, racial, ethnic, gender, and social class biases while adjudicating. We are all impacted by life experiences. He gave an example, a specific judge, who would regularly, with pride and pomposity, proclaimed that he quickly sized-up a defendant as the defendant was led into the court in chains, by noting the demeanor, gait, body-language, and general physical appearance of the defendant before the defendants attorney, or the defendant, utter a single word.What appalled Judge Wright was not the scrutinizing of that defendant but the denial of the phenomenologically filtered judgment, which accompanied that observation. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006) Multi factors economic, personal bias and what are considered subtle bias, offender age and gender, are m ajor factors in the level of racial disparity within the criminal justice system. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006 Austin, et al., 2012Bonczar, 2003 Brewer & Heitzeg Glaze & Herberman, 2012 Green, 2012 Lacey,2010 Gonzlez & Chang, 2011 Lee & Vukich, 2001Loury, 2010)Mauer & King, 2007 Petersilia, 1983 Spohn, 2000 Tonry, 1994Marc Mauer has been reporting on racial disparity since 1975 report on racial disparity and mass incarceration in the criminal justice system. His 1995 report led the New York Times to editorialize that the report should set off alarm bells from the White House to city halls and help reverse the notion that we can incarcerate our way out of unsounded social problems. Finding evidence of direct discrimination against minorities in the role of race, prediction, and discretion in the criminal justice system (Baradaran, 2013 Mauer M. 2009) Research has proven that the starting signal point of discrimination that afflicts the system is contact with the patrol. Police arrest b lack defendants more a good deal for crimes than white defendants. (Mauer & King, 2007) Spohn in his report, Thirty Years of Prison shed light on the race for a neutralizing sentence process, found that a certain type of minority offenders, perhaps because they are perceived as being more dangerous, are singled out for arrest and harsher discussion.These markers are Blacks and Hispanics who are young, male, and unemployed are particularly more likely than their white counterparts to be sentenced to prison and in some jurisdictions, they also receive longer sentences or differential benefits from guideline departures. There is also evidence that minorities convicted of drug offenses, those with longer prior criminal records, those who victimize whites, and those who refuse to aver guilty or are unable to secure pretrial release are punished more severely than similarly situated whites. (Spohn, 2000) Crime rates, law enforcement priorities, sentencing legislation and other factors play a role in creating racial disparities in incarceration. (Roth, 2001).The prosecutors, more than anyother officials in the criminal justice system, have the most direct impact on racial disparities, and thus, must bear the most responsibility in remedying them. (Davis, 1998) Race (and in particular racial stereotypes) plays a role in the judgments and decision making by all of the participants within the criminal justice system. The influence of an individuals bias is subtle and often undetectable in any given case, but its effects are evidentiary and observable over time. When policymakers determine policy, when official actors exercise discretion, and when citizens proffer recommendation or jury-service, bias often plays a role. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006).In January of 2000, 19-year-old Jason Williams was convicted of selling a total of 1/8 oz. of cocaine on four separate occasions. Although he had no prior convictions, the Texas youth was sentenced to 45 years in prison under a state law provision that increases penalties for drug sales that blow over within 1,000 feet of a school or park. As it turns out, roughly half of Williams hometown of Tulia falls within these drug-free zones. Williams was just one of 46 Tulians including more than 10 percent of the towns black population caught up in a law-enforcement sweep initiated by a single undercover officer who claimed that he had bought drugs from each of them. Half faced enhanced prison terms under the drug-free zone statute, and many pled guilty in order to avoid Williams fate. In the months that followed sentencing, it became clear that the evidence used to convict Williams and the other defendants had been fabricated by Tom Coleman, the undercover ofcer.The wrongfully convicted Tulians were pardoned by Governor Rick Perry in grand 2003, but the incident remains a vivid example of the dangerous excesses of the nations increasingly unpopular war on drugs. These systems operate together with to ensu re the subordinate status of a group defined largely by race. And while the size of the system alone might suggest that it would shadow the lives of most Americans, racial disparities in the US prison system have been increasing throughout the last third of the twentieth century (Alexander, 2010 Tonry, 1994). We have to prospect at the first point of contact for the defendant and follow his journey through the criminal justice system through the maze of racial bias and discrimination and focus on answering why these disproportionalities last.The problem of racial disparity is one which builds at each stage of the criminal justice continuum from arrest through parole, rather than the result of the actions at any single stage. How race, ethnicity, class, and gender influence decisions about individuals being processed through the criminal justice system. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006 Marc Mauer 2009 Lynch & Sabol, 1997). Statistics show the cumulative impact of decisions made through pers onal bias at one level contributes to racial disparities at subsequent levels in the criminal justice system. Race-based differences in individual treatment are some of the most apparent in American society today and these bias based decisions contend the principle that the criminal justice system is fair, effective and just.MethodologyStudy PurposeThis study explores the extent of racial disparity within the criminal justice system and where it exists. The criminal justice system involves numerous actorssuch as police officers, prosecutors, judges, jurors, and eyewitnesseswhose decisions and judgments have a significant impact on the conviction and punishment of criminal defendants this study will demonstrate how how race significantly affects the decisions and judgments of those at various levels within the criminal system. (Blumstein et al. 1983, 72 Lee & Vukich, 2001). Does racial disparity exist within the criminal justice system?Does the perceptions of race affect their respo nse to offenders?Hypothesis Racial disparity exist within the criminal justice system?Null HypothesisRacial disparity does not exist within the criminal justice system.Research DesignThis study will use a longitudinal design that will collect data through questionnaire structure interviews, observations and analysis of documents. SamplingUsing secondary data from the General Social slew conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago in connection with the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures reaction times in response to certain visual stimuli. (Gonzlez & Chang, 2011). The sample frame will represent all actors in the criminal justice system.This study uses a research design that simultaneously collects quantitative and qualitative data through the use of various survey instruments, observations and questionnaires by which to conduct bivariate comparisons of incarceration rates for whites and racial minorities and methodologically more ri gorous multivariate analyses designed to identify direct race and indirect race effects and for interaction between race and other predictions of arrest,sentencing and adjudication. A link between discrimination and disproportionality using multi-variate organizational, environmental, contextual and individual factors with police behavior and research on the effects of pre-trial decision making (Mauer & King, 2007). The intent of this go on is to gain a broader perspective than would be otherwise achieved from only one data collection method (Small, 2011).Moreover, this mixed-methods approach for the collection and analyses of data will be utilized to increase the validity of the research and the reliability of the findings by using the results of both methods to support each other (Bachman & Schutt, 2007 Creswell, 2013). Quantitative data using a survey and school database will be used to obtain an overview of the research questions I will use qualitative methodology through semi structured focus groups, giving studies the opportunity to convey their personal encounter with the criminal justice system so that a fuller understanding of factors involved with racial/ethnic disparity.Issues of validly and reliabilityValidity methodologies include testing subjects while measuring cardiovascular response, micro-facial movements, or neurological activity when viewing. As another example, police officers in one experiment exhibited a tendency to associate Black (as opposed to White) faces with criminality. In yet another experiment, both police and probation officers exhibited a significant influence of race on their judgments of culpability and decisions to arrest and to charge. Much of this research is done in connection with the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures reaction times in response to certain visual stimuli.71 Other methodologies include testing subjects while measuring cardiovascular response, micro-facial movements, or neurological activity (Gonzlez & Chang, 2011) LimitationsWhat tends to be express may not provide good data about true attitudes, especially when people wish to conceal their motives or if they have unconscious biases. Sentencing data are limited in terms of demographic and extra-legal variables, and these data are neither readily available nor easily obtainable.Contribution to the fieldRacial disparity operates as a tightly networked system of laws, policies, customs, and institutions within our criminal Justice system. This information will inform decision makers about differences in the unequal treatment of defendants based on the illegitimate criteria of race, when like cases with respect to case attributesregardless of their legitimacy defendants are sentenced differently. Possibly identifying gaps between established policies and actual practices. It will digest the various levels that racial disparity enters the criminal justice system. The decision-making that occurs prior to sentencing often has a greater impact on the punishment that offenders receive than does the exercise of discretion in sentencing. If there are differences in the way these decisions are made for different racial and ethnic groups, such differences could contribute to sentencing disparities that would be masked by legal factors.Arrest and conviction rates do not correlate precisely with criminal behavior rates and cannot serve as a substitute for criminality. A very large portion of disproportionality cannot be explained by legitimate race neutral factors, leading us to conclude that race matters in slipway that are not fair, that do not advance legitimate creation safety objectives, that produce racial disparities in the criminal justice system, and that undermine public confidence in our legal system (Gonzlez & Chang, 2011) Analysis will show that the ways that the correctional system in the United States functions to control minorities through by choice chosen, systematically imposed legal re strictions. Is that crime rates do not explain the sudden and dramatic mass incarceration of African Americans during the past 30 years. Crime rates have fluctuated over the last few decadesthey are currently at historical lowsbut imprisonment rates have systematically soared. Quintupled, in fact. And the vast majority of that increase is due to the War on Drugs. (Alexander, 2010 Russell-Brown, 2008)ReferencesACLU. (2008). The Prison Crisis. cap, DC American Civil Liberties Union. Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow Mass incarceration in the age of coloirblindness. . New York The New Press. Associated Press. (2007, July 18). Study show racial disparities in prison. USA Today, p. 1. Austin, J.,Cadora, E., Clear, T. R., Dansky, K., Greene, J., Gupta, V., . . . Young, M. C. (2012). ENDING MASS INCARCERATIONCHARTING A NEW evaluator REINVESTMENT. Washington The Sentencing Project. Baradaran, S. (2013). Race, Prediction, and Discretion. George Washington Law Review, 157-216. . Boncz ar, T. P. 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