Essay Example for Free

EssayINTRODUCTIONAn g overnment is a social building block of plenty, systematic exclusivelyy logical or managed to meet the needs or to pursue collective goals on a continuous basis. A sound agreement posterior contribute greatly to the continuity and success of the enterprise. All organizations confound a perplexity structure that determines the relationship between functions and directiments. With knocked out(p) right(a) c ar of higher, middle and lower levels of administration, it would be actu each(prenominal)y much impossible for all management to run the organization smoothly. The disclose the organization the in force(p)er would be the exploit of the common objective. Hence the study of the organization is of great importance. It helps to understand the organization better and become acquainted(predicate) with its functions. MRF particular(a), an enterprise that was established in1946, in South India grew quickly to become peerless of Indias big gest tire manufacturing companies, noteworthy for ingathering superiority and innovation. MRF continues to be the leading tire-maker in India. MRF inaugurated its Kottayam social unit in 1969 as the twinkling show of MRF with a littler dick mixer and seven employees. The place is engineered in four respec boardy unite with the environment. World degree hawkshaw blend facility with SCADA based recipe management, fully automated coke handling systems and modern dust collecting systems keep the environment tidy. Facili relates with upgraded systems for Tube, tire and PCTR manufacturing, introduce world class cross styles. MRF Kottayam is certified with ISO 9001/ TS 16949, ISO 14001/OHSAS 18001-2007 and so forth TPM initiatives mitigated the congeal performance in in all beas. MRF Kottayam unit besides registered small scale energy saving projects for deoxycytidine monophosphate credits and its liaison subjects with UNFCCC existence through with(p) by consultant s M/s. Ernst and Young. Its turnover dealed the 6100 crore mark in 2008. MRF has the widest product range among the domestic tire companies as it makes tyres for all class of fomites from trucks to two wheelers and go-karts. MRF Kottayam unit has nearly 2000 direct clear force.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of the study can be summarized as come aftersTo know the history and the growth of the comp bothTo understand the structure of the telephonerTo d black knowledge vindicatory intimately the functional as well as managerial aspects of the organizationTo learn about the manufacturing knead of the productsTo analyze the financial performance of the comp eitherTo learn the externalizes, policies and procedures of the organizationTo observe the work refinement of the organizationTo take in knowledge about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe organizational study was conducted in MRF Limited, Kottaya m. The organizational structure and the management of assorted departments of MRF atomic get 18 interpreted for the purpose of the study. Sufficient attempt has been taken to cover al some all the facets of this organization and to understand the complex factors that argon functioning indoors the organization1.3 METHODOLOGY OF learning research is a systematic approach to a purposeful investigation. Methodology refers to the various methods wasting disease by the researcher right from the entropy collection and various techniques used for interpretation and inferences. Research methodology addresses the questions what must be make, howl it must be d ane, what selective information must be lay in, what selective information gathering methods must be employed, which sources of data must be selected and how the data must be analyze and conclusion is reached. The descend period allotted for the project work was one month. The study was undertaken by in person visiting the factory in Kottayam.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONa) PRIMARY DATAPrimary data atomic number 18 those which be collected as first-hand information and thus they be original in character. These atomic number 18 collected from the direct sources like Personal interviewObservation methodb) SECONDARY DATASecondary data ar those which have already been collected by some former(a) agencies of the organization that has been bordered. Some of them be Previous records of the organizationMagazines and JournalsWebsites1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYEven if there was sufficient support from the staff of the company a tight work history prevented them from self-aggrandizing additive information. The organizational study has come across definite point of accumulations much(prenominal) asThe method used in the main provide qualitative data but inadequacy of precisionToo much of interaction was not possible due to the fear of trade secrets organism exposedPersonal bias could be the one key factor which has affected in having face-to-face interviewsCHAPTER-2INDUSTRIAL PROFILECHAPTER 2INDUSTRIAL PROFILE2.1 INDUSTRY BACKGROUNDThe tyre labor has evolved from the prefatory cross ply to the more sophisticated radical tyres. Nylon cords that impart low weight and additional strength to the tyres have withal replaced cotton ply. This industriousness is besides control by hoidenish and infrastructural action that takes place in the region, as those two have an impact on the transport sector. The advent of globalisation and liberalization in India urged the companies both small scale and large scale, to build in capabilities, in parliamentary procedure to compete effectively on a global platform. The tyre patience in India has been striving voiceless to establish itself in the global mart in its infant stage. There were threats from the global bouters who enjoyed substantial economies of scale. As a result, the Indian tyre companies were in a constant pursuit of a dhering global examples of timber and asseverate of the art technology in exertion. The fortune of the persistence depends on the agricultural and industrial performance of the economy, the tape drive needs and production of the vehicles. Hence this is a sensitive manufacturing which has to adapt itself to a high inconstant environment.ORIGIN OF THE INDUSTRYThe tyre exertion began to develop in India in 1920s. The growth of the tyre industry in India may be split up into three phases. In the first phase, multinational companies like FIRESTONE (1920), GOODYEAR(1922) and DUNLOP(1926) came to Indian tyre industry for selling their products. They were considered as the fore runners of mercantileization of tyres in India. During the early twenties and the mid-thirties, these companies became very famous and got established themselves in the industry. In the second phase, these multinational companies started their production in India. They became the first genesis tyres of th e Indian tyre industry. DUNLOP and FIRESTONE had put up plans to manufacture tyres in Kolkata and Mumbai in 1936 and 1942 respectively. The third phase of the Indian tyre industry began when the companies in India started manufacturing tyres that came out to be known as the second generation tyres. MRF, premiere and COOT and so onwerethe important companies among them. They started manufacturing their products in sixties and later on the third generation of the tyre industry started by 1970. APPOLO and JK tyreS were the most important companies among them. The most leading tyre companies in India be MRFJK tyreSCEATGOODYEARAPPOLOMODIBIRLABRIDGESTONEMICHELINAfter the initialization attend started in 1922, the Indian economy was stepping the ladder much higher. Earlier, automobiles were mainly used for necessity. But nowadays, the whole effort has been changed in the livelihood. Even the middle class people cant think about their spiritedness without having vehicles. This could be one of the main reasons that the Indian tyre industry is growing up day by day, even when the world is facing the major(ip) crisis of global recession. To an extent, the Indian tyre industry has faced some problems, but it has not affected the whole trend much seriously as far as the tyre industry of India is concern.2.2 THE INDIAN TYRE INDUSTRYThe foreign companies dominated the Indian tyre industry till the 1960s.However in the later part of the 60s and early 70s, the Indian industrial Entrepreneurs make a stylish entry into the market a colossalside foreign quislingisms with the automobile sector excogitation within the country. The tyre industry saw the entry of many players and with the winds of liberalization blowing amidst the hue and cry, swept the replete(p) land in 1922 and brought about the ride of go ventures within the industry. The industry worth Rs. 9000 crores was independent upon the agricultural and industrial performance of the economy, the transportatio n needs and the production of vehicles. The Indian tyre industry is one of the largest in the world with more than 100 million motor vehicles on the Indian roads.The Indian tyre industry evolves itself around some salient features like AdaptabilityInnovativenessExportsTechnology progressionWide product range for versatile practice sessionThe Indian tyre market can be categorized into three. They atomic number 18 Original Equipment marketReplacement marketExport marketThe Replacement market generates demand to a greater join on as bloodline volume tends to be high (85%), eyepatch the Original Equipment market demand is just a linear function of automobile production whose growth is in turn unyielding by the overall economic situation and the government policy. Globally, the Original Equipment market segment constitutes plainly 30% of the tyre market and 105 contributions comes from the Replacement market. This normally has placed the re tramp downs in a better position than the tyre industry as a major colossal threat. The Coimbatore based Elgityres and Tread Limited, the largest re yard in India is giving the tyre barons sleepless nights. The tyres basically produced in India areCROSSPLYRADIAL TYREThe CROSSPLY tyres have been used in India for several days. In this, the Polycords run across with each anformer(a)(prenominal) or diagonally to the outer go forth of the tyre. Rayon and Nylon cords are used as the reinforcing medium. These tyres can retread twice during their life time and and past is preferred by Indian transporters who normally overload their trucks. In India, 90-95 percentages of such tyres are sold. The Radial tyres have their cords running radially from free fall at 90 degree angle to the rim or along the outer surface of the tyre. The reinforcing mediums used in these tyres are Polyester, Nylon, Fiber Glass and Steel. Thus guaranteeing a longer life time and provide lower fuel consumption, with better control over the vehicle a nd road conveying. The unhealthy condition of the Indian roads hasresulted in Radial tyres accounting only pentad percentage of tyre industry as against a global trend of 60 percentages. The tyre industry is a major consumer of the domestic no-count production. The degree of contribution towards the material content in the Indian tyre industry by the Natural safe constitutes about 80% and the remaining 20% contribution is do by the Synthetic Rubber( worldwide, the ratio of Natural Rubber to Synthetic Rubber is 3070) tyres which are subject to the use of different chemicals. The on hand(predicate) local Natural Rubber is an added advantage for the industry, since it amounts to around 255 of the come up crank material cost of tyres. On the contrary, Synthetic Rubber accounts to just 40% of the total raw material cost (India imports 60% of its Synthetic Rubber requirements). Apart from rubber, the major raw materials are Nylon Tyre, order and Carbon Black. These raw materials are used to make the tyre strong and impart tenacity to it, while the latter holds debt instrument for the color of the tyre and also enhance the life span of the tyre. Nylon codes comprise 345 of the total raw material cost, while Carbon Black accounts about 13 percentages. To be concise, the tyre industry in India is highly raw material intensive and its cost directly affects the winability of tyres. Therefore about 60-70% of the cost of production is from the cost of raw materials itself. Most of the raw materials are petroleum based. So the price of the international crude oil affects the tyre industry at large. Fortunately for the tyre industry, the rubber and carbon black prices have declined considerably.2.3 PRODUCT PROFILEThe company puts out the following offerings which are the major sellers in their segment 1. MRF NYLON entrap ZAPPER FS- MOTOR CYCLE TYRE2. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FM- MOTOR CYCLE TYRE3. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FV-MOTOR CYCLE TYRE4. MRF MUSCLE ROK EARTH MO VERS- OTR TYRE5. MRF MUSCLE ROK- LOADERS- OTR TYRE6. MRF MUSCLE ROK- X- OTR TYRES7. MRF SAND GRIP- MULTI TERRIAN- OTR TYRE8. MRF LEGEND- passenger BIAS9. MRF ZVTS- PASSENGER TYRE10. MRF WANDERER- PASSENGER TYRE11. MRF highly MILER TRUCK TYRE12. MRF extremely LUG- 50- TRUCK TYRE13. MRF SUPER LUG- 78- TRUCK TYRE14. MRF SUPER LUG- 50 PLUS- TRUCK TYRE15. MRF SUPER LUG- 50S- TRUCK TYRE16. MRF STEEL MUSCLE- TRUCK RADIAL TYRES17. MRF STEEL MASTER LCV RADIAL18. MRF ZVGLSK ECO FRIENDLY PASSENGER TYRE19. MRF BIG ROVER JEEP TYRE20. MRF SHAKTI TRACTOR FRONT TYRE21. MRF SAFARI22. MRF SHAKTI LIFE- TRACTOR, REAR TYRECHAPTER 3COMPANY PROFILECHAPTER 3COMPANY PROFILE3.1 MRF LIMITEDMRF was started in the year 1946 by Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappillai, a young entrepreneur from underlying Kerala. The company was started as a toy and aviate manufacturing unit at Tiruvottiyur, Chennai and from 1951 the company took up the manufacture of tread rubber. By 1958, MRF was known as Madras Rubber manufactory L imited. Since 1946, MRF has emerged as the largest tyre manufacturer in India and 12th largest in the world. The company caters to all vehicle segments from commercial vehicles and passenger cars to two-three wheelers and tractors. It has also made a strong presence for itself in both the radial and cross ply segments. It boasts of 68 gross revenue centers, 2500 distributors and exports to over 75 countries, a standing testament to MRFs keen leadership.VISIONMRF will be profound global player delighting customers worldwide by means of Leadership in technologyWorld class systemsExcellence in manufacturingDriven by a team of move high performers, to accomplish profitable growth.CORPORATE AND PLANT FUNCTIONSThe corporate post is situated at Chennai where Marketing, Exports, primeval planning, Engineering, Quality Assurance, Materials, homophile Resource and industrial Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Safety functions are carried out by good and Research and Developmen t functions ( graft technical) to cater to specific products.THE MUSCLEMANThe mere mention of the word MRF is bound to total The heftiness in the mind of Indians. The muscleman evolved in 1964, soon after MRF began manufacturing tyres. During the last 35 years, the Muscleman has evolved from a mere corporate mascot to a symbol of strength, reliability and durability embedding the part of tyres that the muscle man repre displaces. The muscleman evolved into a high-tech symbol in the mid-80, a sign of changing times. Its new fashion was a silent testimony to the indomitable spirit that carried MRF across the INR 20 billion mark. The musclemans appearance changed once again in 1996, MRFs golden jubilee year. He started appearing in full form and is now also known affectionately as the MRF tyre man by motorists across India and 65 countries worldwide, which have come to rely on him for sale and comfortable ride.MRF take UNITSTiruvottiyur TamilnaduArakonam TamilnaduKottayam Keral aPonda GoaMedak Andhra PradeshPuducherry TamilnaduPOLICIES graphic symbol insurance policyQuality policy of MRF is to detect market leadership through continuous note expediency. To come across this goal, all the sows and the corporate office shall pay particular attention to the following Product or forge betterment by field or graft performance monitor and prompt services to the customers Up whole step of machinery to meet the increasing needs of the customer Continuous readying of all employees in order to acquire needed skills and knowledge At the plant level, the respective senior ecumenic passenger vehicle or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the prize system by collabo grade with the corporate functions.SAFETY polityIt is the policy of our company that, the SAFETY AND HEALTH of our employees shall be our FIRST priority. It is the responsibility of every(prenominal)one in the organization, regardless of the position he occupies, to underwrite that everyone in the factory returns home to his beloved ones without any injury that day and every day We shall observe this policy not only in letter but also in spirit and offer ACCIDENT FREE SAFE PRODUCTION for the benefit of one and all.ENVIRONMENTAL insurance policyThe environmental policy of MRF is to manufacture our products in an environmentally friendly and safe manner. To achieve this goal, all the MRF plants, together with the corporate office shall Minimize the impact of our manufacturing activities on the environment, especially the air, water and soil Comply with all applicable regulatory requirementsDevelop the environmental performance evaluation procedure for the continuous monitoring Up gradation of the machinery and pollution control equipment when postulate Train all over employees to perform their activities in an environmentally responsible land safe manner At the plant level, the respective Senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the environmental system by collaborating with the corporate functions.TRAINING POLICYThe didactics policy of MRF is to provide and develop knowledge, skills andbehavior of their employees to continuously improve their performance. To achieve this goal, all MRF plants together with the corporate office shall Identify and document nurture needs of each employee, through competence evaluation each year Design and publish provision calendar and enrolment run training semiannualals based on determine needs and as per the documented schedule Monitor and mensurate training puzzle out and outcomes to assess and to decide the future(a) training cycle requirement At the plant level, the respective Senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the training activities through Human Resource Department of the plant and the corporate office.TMP POLICYA amount of money tillable Factory whereThe work environm ent is pleasantThe work force is highly motivated and appointThe machineries are reliable, efficient and precise to meet the increasing customer demand The product satisfies the customers with high lineament and best price MAIN CUSTOMERS1. Volvo2. Tata Motors3. Ashok Leyland4. Mahindra5. Force MotorsCOMPETITORSome of the major competitors of the company are1. Michelin2. AppoloTyres3. Bridgestone4. JK Tyres5. Goodyear6. CEATmilepost IN THE MRF HISTORYIt was in the late 1946 that a young pioneer, K.M.MAMMEN MAPPILLAI started asmall toy balloon manufacturing unit in a small shed at Tiruvottiyur in Chennai. 1952 Company ventured into the manufacture of tread rubber1955MRF soon becomes the only Indian owned company to manufacture the superior extruded, non-blooming and cushion- backed tread rubber enabling it to compete with the MNCs operating in India at the same time 1956 The quality of the product was of a high standard that by the close of 1956, MRF had become the market leader wit h a 50% share of tread rubber market in India. So effectively was MRFs hold on the market, that the large multinationals had no other option but gradually withdraw from the tread rubber business in India 1961 With the success achieved in tread rubber, MRF entered into the manufacturing of tyres. MRF established a technical collaboration with the Mansfield Tyre and the Rubber Company of USA. Around the same time, MRF also became a public limited company 1963 Pandit JAWAHAR Nehru move the foundation stone for the rubber research Center at Tiruvottiyur to commemorate the inauguration of the Tiruvottiyur factory 1964 With the commission of the main plant in 1964, MRF also made progress in the export of tyres. An overseas office at Beirut was established to develop the export market, and it was amongst Indias very first efforts on tyre exports. This year also marked the birth of the now famous MRF Muscleman. 1967 MRF became the first Indian company to export tyre to USA- the very birth place of tyre technology 1969 MRF factory built at Kottayam1970 MRF inaugurated its Kottayam unit1971 MRF gained license to build factory in Goa1972 MRFs fourth factory nonplus up at Arakonam1973 MRF launched Indias first Nylon car tyre1978 MRF launched Super lug- the countrys largest selling truck tyre 1979 MRF turnover crossed Rs. 100 crores1980 MRF entered into a technical collaboration with the B.F. Goodrich Tyre Company of USA, which was involved with the education of tyres for the NASA space- shuttle. With this began a significant exercise in quality improvement and new product development. MRF took a major policy decision to be aggressive on the racing circuits 1983 MRF began rapid productdevelopment architectural plan for the new vehicles entering India 1984 MRF sales turnover crossed Rs. 200 crores. MRF tyres were the first tyre selected for the fitment on the Maruthi Suzuki 800 Indias first modern car 1986 MRF was selected by National Institution of Quality Assurance f or their most reputable award. Pitted against 20 tyre companies worldwide, MRF also won 6 quality improvement awards instituted by B.F Goodrich tyre Company from USA 1987 MRF becomes the No.1 tyre company in India.MRF crossed Rs. 300 crores turnover. MRF legend, the Premium Nylon car tyre was introduced 1988 MRF pace foundation was trim up, with international pace bowler, Dennis Lillee as its Director. Not long thereafter, pace bowlers prepare at the foundation were selected for the Indian Cricket team 1989 MRF medak plant went on stream. Once again citation of excellence, MRF was awarded the Visveswaraya Award for the Best Business House in South India and the Economic times Harvard Business coach Award for the Best Corporate Performance. MRF collaborated with Hasbro international USA, the worlds largest toy makers and launched Funskool India 1993 K.M.MammenMappillai was awarded the Padmashri award of National learning for his contribution to industry the only industrialist f rom South India to be accorded this honor until that time. MRF was selected as one of Indias most admired marketing companies by the readers of the A and M magazine 1996 MRF celebrated 50 years. Turnover touches Rs.2000 crores. A special factory dedicated to the manufacture of radials was started at Pondicherry. MRF tyres were also chosen for fitment on the Ford Escort, Opel Astra and order of magnitude Uno 1997 MRF launches its first ever F3 car1998 MRF launches its Super Lug tyre for trucks1999 MRF was declared the most ethical company by Business World magazine in its survey 2000 MRF launched the smile campaign on Indian roads2001 MRF won JD power award for customer satisfaction2002 The MRF Nylogrip Zappers for two wheelers is launched. MRF wins the JD Power Award 2004 MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 3000 crores2006 MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 5000 crores2008 MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 6000 crores2009 In spite of Global meltdown, MRFs turn over crossed Rs. 6200 croresMRF LIMITED KOTTA YAM UNIT- OVERVIEWMRF Tyres, Kottayam was set up in 1969 on a hill top in the village of Vadavathoor about 7 km from Kottayam town in the state of Kerala. After outset the first MRF unit at Thiruvottiyur in Chennai, MRF management decided to take advantage of low electricity costs, tax concessions on Natural Rubber at no extra transportation cost and the availability of skilled and educated labor and started the second unit of MRF at Kottayam. The unit started off as a factory building with an area of 34200 sq. ft. and a Ban bury of 3A size with a capacity to mix 10 meters a day. Today MRF houses 265 management staff and 1319 regular workers. It started as a small mixing unit growing into a full scaled manufacturing unit producing tyres. It also manufactures tread rubber and with two newly installed Ban bury. It has become one of the most productive plants in India with a record production of tubes. The commissioning of a tyre plant in 1994 marked a new era in the units history. Ini tially, tractor tyres were produced, and because diversify into passenger tyres and truck tyres of various types. The Kottayam plant supplies mixed rubber to the other plants of MRF and with the increase of demand the plant had to be augmented. A new plant exclusively for mixing, was built with huge native mixers and a mixing capacity of 600 tons per day and is one of the largest mixing units in Asia.PLANTS WITHIN THE KOTTAYAM UNITTube plantTyre plantMixing plantPre-cured Tread tyre plantThe present turnover of consummate goods of Kottayam unit is Rs. 650 crores per annum. Kottayam unit has also started Pre-cured tread rubber (PCTR) production in August 1993.KOTTAYAM PLANT FACTS AND figure of speechURES strengthened up area 600000 Sq. Ft. Management staff 252 Nos Regular workmen 1115 Nos Casual workman 399 Nos Total Finished goods production 3400 MT/ month Total turnover of finished goods 37 crores/ month Mixed stock sent to other units 7000 MT/ month Tyre labor 52000 Tyres/ month Tubes, Envelopes and band bags production 263000/ month drift Production 82000/ month Conventional tread rubber production 160 MT/ month PCTR Production 330 Tonnes/ month Repair Materials 83 Tonnes/ month Vulcanizing Solutions 32500 Litres/ monthFIG 2.1 ORGANISATIONAL CHART3.2 FUNCTIONAL sectionS AT MRF LIMITEDThe organization is made up of different departments. Departmentalization is the grouping together of similar or logically cerebrate activities. There are several bases for departmentalization. The different forms of departmentalization are departmentalization by functions, by products, by regions, by process or a combination of any of them. The basic need of department arises because of specialization of work and limitation on the number of sub-ordinates that can be directly controlled by the superior. Departmentation converts the work into manageable units. If there was no departmentation, there would have been serious limitation on the side of the orga nization. The company is having eight different departments which play a vital role in the development of the company. The different departments are-1. Production Department2. Human Resource Department3. Accounts and Finance Department4. Quality Assurance Department5. Engineering Department6. Industrial Engineering Department7. Technical Department8. Security and Safety DepartmentPRODUCTION DEPARTMENTAmong all the functional areas of management, production is considered to be crucial in any industrial organization. Production in ground of economics is the process developed to create a collection of input, which may be energy, capital, information, material, work force or any other raw materials into a specified set of output produce like finished goods and services in proper quantity quality. Production is the primary function of the company, thus all other functions support the production department in various segments. Pro-duction Department controls the production process by c oordinate the activities of other departments. After receiving the marketing or Sales price from corporate office, the annual production plan is made and this will be further broken down into monthly and every week plan. MRF has production in four plants. They are Tube plant, Tyre plant Mixing plant and PCTR plantFIG 2.2PRODUCTION PROCESSPLANT 1 TUBE PLANTIn this plant artificial rubber called butyl rubber is used for manufacturing of the tubes. It is mixed with carbon black and chemicals and then extruded into various sizes. After sufficient cooling it is sent for pre-cutting to the required length, value fixing and splicing. It is then moved to the freezing table for cooling the splice joint and is shaped to the required size. After this is taken out and kept inside the curing presses for vulcanization. After the set time the tube is unloaded from the press and sent for recap. The tubes are then deflated using nullity and the tube core is inserted. The size are segregated and p acked as per the standards.FIG 2.3PLANT 2 TYRE PLANTGrey fabric is passed through calendaring machine for coating both sides with rubber. From there it goes to a machine called the fabric cutter for cuttingit into different lengths as per specifications. Steel wires are passed through bead extruder for coating with rubber and wounded on specific wheels as per the specifications. On tyre build-ing machine, green tyres are made using calendared fabric, bead, tread etc. Green tyres are vulcanized in tyre curing press by steam heated moulds. After this the tyres are inflated to retain its properties by trimming, review and dispatch.FIG 2.4PLANT 3 MIXING PLANTOrdinary rubber is mixed with carbon black, chemicals and the rubber processing oils in the specified quantities into the rubber mix-ing equipment called the ban bury. From there it is dumped into the dump mill and passed through chaw of tanks in planing machine form for cooling and is then stored in metal skids. Samples from ea ch batch are well-tried and the batch is certified for use. This compound rubber is sent to the tyre and PCTR plants.FIG 2.5PLANT 4 PCTR PLANTPre cured Tread Rubber (PCTR) is used for re treading rubber. Compound rubber is used in mixing mills and extruded to the required size using extruders and passed through conveyors for cool-ing. These slugs are stored in leaf trucks for ageing. It is then vulcanized in the curing process. After curing, an excess flash material is trimmed off and goes for inspection. It is then sent to the stretch wrap-ping machine for packing.FIG 2.6FUNCTIONS OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENTThe main functions of Production department arePLANNING FOR PRODUCTION PROCESS This is based on the monthly plan given(p) by central planning, plant planning department will prepare a simulation plan by dividing the month into 3 segments of 10 days each. The simulation plan given by plant planning for the month is taken as a guide line and eachplant plans the production for eac h process. The available inventory and the priority of dispatch are taken into consideration while daily schedule is given. lean changes are made in the simulation plan to reduce the number of sizes running at a time with the objective of improving production efficiency.MATERIAL INDENT AND RECEIPT The daily requirement of raw materials is reason on each plant after considering the available inventory and the scheduled production for the next day. Raw material indent is made to raw material store. Raw material stores make arrangements to deliver the indented material at the plant.PROCESSING Processing is carried out as per the technical specification, BSP (Basic Standard Practice) and the work program line of the respective department. Set up verification is through for each product and each run. Once the process is stabilized, the process parameters are checked and recorded. If the parameters are as per the specifications, production is continued. If any parameter is not positiv e(p) to the specified limits, then necessary correction is made and the production process is resumed. Whenever a machine/ equipment are behaving abnormally, it is informed to the engine room department. If the process variation is abnormal, production is stopped by production supervisor/ quality supervisor/ technical supervisor. The abnormality of machine is rectified by design department and the machine is transfer over to production. If any non-conformance is stigmatised in the product, it is held using NCM Non-Conforming Material tag. Whenever engineering department recognises a machine behaving abnormally, they supplicate production stoppage through a guardianship requestPRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY The objective of proper identification and traceability is to prevent mixing up of products and to ensure traceability of products at various stages. This applies to raw materials, in- process materials and finished goods. For example, in the movement of extruded tubes, details like size, month code, year code, plant code, date of extrusion, extruder operator code, and made from imported Butyl are printed. Traceability is ensured in different ways. For example,while extruding treads, the details of stock (like stock code, date and trade of mixing, batch numbers) used for extruding those treads are entered in the traceability register.CHECKING AND INSPECTION The activity of inspection covers raw materials, process parameters, in process materials and finished goods. Inspection is do to ensure that the materials, equipment and storage area are free from any contamination. Proper identification of the materials, FIFO (first in first out), ageing (minimum and maximum), and test status (whether the material is tested and cleared, or is pending for test or is it rejected after testing) are checked. Dimension checking is done during in process operations. Visual checking is done on in process materials for defects like cured lumps, air traps, wrinkles, wrong(p) cutting etc. process parameters like temperature, pressure, water flow etc are also checked. Visual inspection of finished product is carried out by production department.CONTROL OF NON- CONFIRMING PRODUCTS During the processing, if any non-conformance is noticed in the product, it is held with a NCM (Non-Conforming Material) tag, which is filled up in duplicate with details like the material that has been held, size/ code, defect, quality held and the location where the material is kept. It has separate space for writing down the disposal and also the disposal follow up.CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION Corrective is a required action when a non-conformity is noticed any in process or product, immediate corrective action is taken to rectify the defect, so that the process or product is not affected any further. Preventive action is required when recurring non conformities which are noticed, in process by production, quality, technical or engineering are taken u p for discourse in the weekly QA( Quality Assurance) meeting to initiate tour of duty action in consultation with the concern departments. In reference of occurrence of non-conforming process or product due to operational lapse, the concerned people are trained. In other cases, the proposed preventive action is recorded in the minutes of the meeting and the responsibility of implementing is assigned to the concerned departmental person as decided in the meeting. This is followed up in the ulterior meetings and reviewed for its military strength. If the preventive action calls for a change in procedure or work instructions, this is discussed in the weekly Quality Assurance Meeting and a joint decision is taken by the departmental heads. adult male RESOURCE DEPARTMENTHuman resource management perceives organizations in their totality. Every organization requires many things in order to be effective for producing the product or service, financial resources, away of marketing whate ver product or service is created by human resource. People are the real assets of an organization. Without human beings the organization cannot slay any progress. The production, technology, financing and customer connection can all be copied soft. But every organization must find effective way to attract, retain and motivate employees.FIG 2.7FUNCTIONS OF HR DEPARTMENT gentleman RESOURCE PLANNINGThe Board of Directors, Plant Manager and the HR Manager will decide the number of employees required, their qualification, method of requirement, remuneration etc. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTIONIt is one of the main functions of HR department. In the case of management staff, the functions of recruitment, selection and placement is done by corporate HR department. Induction and orientation is given by plant HR. this is to align the objectives and the goals of the individual with that of the company, so that the synergy produces benefits to the company as well as to the individual. In the case of workmen, selection is done by plant HR department through a written test followed by an interview. Then they are given induction and orientation before being sent to the plant for on the job training. Workers are selected at 100% merit basis. Experience is considered as an additional qualification. MRF provides the tradition of selecting the relatives of the existing employees wherever a vacancy arises provided the relative is fit and suitable for the job. 1. exertion Blank2. Antecedent Verification3. Medical Checkup4. Blood Group Testing5. Reference earn6. Recommendation Letter7. Selection List8. Physical Examination9. Selection Interview10. AppointmentTRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTA program of training and development is important as it lends stability and flexibility to an organization, overly contributing to its capacity to grow. It is essential to help in developing skills and updating knowledge. Especially in a cut- throat world, an organization must commit resource in employe e training and development if it has to say a viable knowledge work force.PROCEDURE FOR TRAININGThe plant Human Resource Department maintains records of education, live and training of all power. The plant HRD sends competency evaluation forms to all department heads once a year. The significant aspects in each job which affects product quality are identified in various work centers and the significant jobs are listed out. The Department Heads along with the section heads determine the necessary competence required for personnel whose work affects product quality. The competencies of those who perform significant jobs are evaluated and the area in which training is to be imparted is heady for those who fall below the required competency level. These details are sent back to the HRD by concerned department Heads. HRD consolidates the training requirements and a training calendar is prompt.For external training programs wherever required plant sends the details to corporate funct ional heads for approval and corporate HR arranges the approved training programs. Internal training programs are conducted with either internal or external faculties. Training programs are conducted in accordance with the identified training needs of the employees and alsothe company needs (wherever required). Training details are recorded in the training register. The details of the training program attended by each employee are entered in the data base after the training program. Wherever feasible, pre training and post training tests are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programs. Wherever pre training and post training are not feasible, training evaluation forms are filled by the participants and sent to plant HR/Corp.HR. New entrants are given orientation training as per the orientation schedule. Monthly reports of the training activities are sent to Corporate HR.MODES OF TRAININGThe various modes of training are as followsa. Knowledge Based trainingb. Sk ill based Training (On the- job and Off- the- job)The methods used in Knowledge Based Training or conceptual training are total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and ISO 9000 to ensure quality to both products and employees. At the same time, Skill Based Training includes mainly Technical Training. On- the -job training is usually meant for the men at work place as well as supervisors. It includes activities, assignments, operations, machinery etc. Off- the- job training is usually given to employees from General Manager to workmen. Off the- job training consists of class room classes, training, quality training, meetings, behavior based training, external training.WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATIONThe allowance of the workmen is fixed based on the long term agreement. It is paid to the workmen based on the work done on each day as a piece rate system. The work done on each day is recorded in work sheets and it is routed through time office to the accounts section where honorarium to be p aid are calculated and paid. The wages to be paid for the casual workmen is fixed and rewrite from time to time. In the case of management staff, salary is fixed by the corporate HRD. The plant HRD coordinates the periodic appraisal of performance which is the basis for salary revision. The salary for the staff is paid on the basis of attention and this ismonitored by time office which is a function of HRD. The time office does the functions of time keeping, attendance monitoring and up keep of leave records.PERFORMANCE APPRAISALPerformance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in their allotted work and is treated properly by giving preciousness Allowance, Fringe Benefits, Bonuses and other payments according to the endures and regulations of the company. According to the seniority and performance, an employee gets a jailbreak in his position in the same hierarchy. It depends upon the parameters such as seniority, merit and th e suitability of the job. The performance appraisal is done on weekly, monthly, half yearly and yearly basis.INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR MANAGEMENTThe company has very good good-humoured industrial relations. The two trade unions of the company are MRF Employees Union (INTUC) MRF employees union (CITU)The trade union consists of an organization. They also have a level of hierarchy. The local leaders of the trade union are the Secretary, Treasurer and a Convener. The external leader comprises of President, Vice President and General Secretary. The workmen category of MRF is controlled by a Long depot Agreement every three years. Negotiations and conciliation between Management and Workmen are made over the table through continued discussions. This is mainly organized by HR with the help of Industrial Engineers and other departments involved.corrective ACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGSAbsenteeism is dealt in MRF in a very strict manner. An employee who absents himself regularly is first called and advised to improve the attendance. After that if he is not improving, a show cause notice issued and asked for written explanation, which has to be submitted within 48 hours of notice. If he still continuous to be absent, he is issued a first warning, then a second warning. After this he will be suspended and if he still has not changed, he will be terminated. This principle is applicable to all theemployees who are irregular and who violate the rules and regulations of the company. The procedure of this rule is descriptive. Employees, who are absent regularly, would be given a show cause notice. A charge sheet is issued upon the admit of unsatisfactory reply to the show cause notice. A domestic enquiry is also issued. By this procedure, the absentees and those who violate the rules and regulations are made to understand the situation that led them to this conduct. The second show cause notice is issued for the employees to present reasons. If he/she fails to state a co nvincing reason, then he/she would be suspended or even dismissed from the company. These rules are common for all the employees who are trying to falsify the record or status of the company. The dismissed employee is considered in the case of an assault or making the person a criminal.statutory AND NON STATUTORY WELFARE MEASURESThe welfare of labour is the statutory code which is controlled by the Factories Act for the benefit of the employees within the industrial system. Sometimes the living and cultural condition of the employees beyond which is required by the law, keeping in par with the customs of the industry and the conditions of the market. Labour welfare aims at providing the somatic, psychological and general well-being of the work population. The welfare officer carries out all the functions and activities related to labour welfare and take care of the physical and general well-being of the employees.The main functions of the Welfare Officer are as followsThe welfare o fficer helps to maintain a harmonious relationship between the factory management and the workers by establishing contact and holding consultations. To notice the grievance of the workers to the management and act as a Liaison officer between the management and the labour. other(a) WELFARE FACILITIESLoans are given to employees to purchase vehicles for them, educational loans are also provided. Basic essential facilities such as food, shelter, sanitation, recreational facilities, reading facilities are also provided. Workers in the factory are provided with safety gloves, shoes, masks for the separatrix free working environment.MEDICAL FACILITIESEvery employee and his family members are cover under some or other Health Scheme based on the wage package.at the moment if it is below Rs.7500/-they will be covered under ESI scheme. If it is above the limit then a special Medical Insurance Scheme is set for them covering the expenses in connection with Hospitalization and Personal Accide nt. WORKING HOURSThe working hours in MRF are divided into 4 shifts, the time allotted to each shift is mentioned under-General shift -8.00am to 4.30pmFirst shift -7.00am to 3.00pmSecond shift -3.00pm to 11.00amThird shift -11.00pm to 7.00amACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENTFinance is the life blood of every organization. According to J.F. Brodley Financial management is the area of business management devoted to a judicious use of capital and careful selection of the source of capital in order to enable a business firm to move in the direction of reaching its goals. A firm cannot sustain in the absence seizure of an efficient financial department.Plant account manager is in full charge of various activities done by the accounts department. He verifies the various functions done in each section. He takes decision for maximizing the profit and minimizing the expenses. He makes an important decision. This department keeps accounts of all the financial transactions of the company. The acc ounting period of MRF is from October 1st of one year to September 31st of the next year. MRF has a fully computerized accounting of production unit starting from the issue of goods received to the final documentation is computerized. Funds obtained for capital structuring for both internal and external sources. The internal sources include capital reserved debentures shareholders etc. and theexternal sources include banks such as SBI, Canara Bank etc. the strategy that the company has adopted is to go for credit transactions and payment will be made within one month time. All the costing taxation, salaries and wages, fringe benefits turnover details etc are computed and post by the raw materials stores, engineering stores, shipping departments and engineering departments. Wages, fringe benefits turnover details etc are computed and stick on by the raw materials stores, engineering stores, shipping departments and engineering departments.FIG 2.8FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEP ARTMENT* FINANCIAL ACCOUNTSThis dissever deals with all types of money payments and utility. This will include payment for engineering and raw material purchase, petty cash payments, operation and reconciliation of bank accounts, payment to the government in the form of taxes and levies, payment of PF, deduction from salary and payment of loan outstanding and insurance premium of employee, freight payments, payment in lieu of expire bill of employees, canteen expenses, payment to contractors, payment of leave travel allowance, medical re-imbursement etc. cash receipts in the case of scrap sales and any other cash receipt will also come under this branch of accounts.FIG 2.9 FINANCIAL RESULTS 2009-2010Rs in crore20092010Sales6141.948080.45Other Income34.4041.97Total Income6176.348122.42 moolah Before Taxation398.48534.66Provision for Taxation145.45180.68Profit after Taxation253.03353.98Share Capital4.244.24 militia1357.181686.44Net Worth1361.421690.68Fixed Assets Gross3020.573865. 62* COST ACCOUNTSThis branch deals with forecasting, budgeting, analyzing and re-porting the income and expenditure of the company. The budget for expenditure is prepared using standard costing principles and it is com-pared with the actual expenditure. Any variation from the budget (whether positive or negative) is analyse to find the exact reason and it is reported to the top management.* WAGES AND SALARYComputation of wages and salaries is done by this section of accounts departments. Wages of workmen are fixed in the long term agreement and is calculated on a daily basis depending on various factors like grade, numberof hours worked, the output achieved etc.* SALES TAXAll matters related to sales tax are handled by this section. Monthly returns for sales tax are filed on behalf of sales depots. VAT (Value Added Tax) system has been introduced and all matters related to this are also looked after by this branch of accounts. C forms are issued for purchases from outside the state and F forms are issued for receipt of goods from depots.QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENTQuality is considered as the most effective tool to improve productivity, to achieve cost effectiveness, to improve profitability and market share and to remain competitive in the global market. In the business environment of today, quality impacts not only products and services but also many other relevant entities such as process, systems, people and organization. When a person buys our product, he has certain expectations. These are determined by several factors and it de-pends on the intended use of the product. The expectations can be performance, price, dependability, consistency of performance etc. If the product fulfills the customers expectations when it is used, he will be pleased with tile product and will say that product is of good quality. If his expectations are not met he will say that the product is of low quality.FIG 2.10FUNCTIONS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENTThe quality system r equirements of the customers are collected and all efforts are taken to ensure that the requirements are met. This is done by employing statistical process control techniques and by training the operators. The different functions of quality assurance department are as follows To process audit and final product inspection To improve the profitability of the company by reducing defects and waste generation To materialize the document called Basic standard practice, which says how the process is to be carried out, what are the dos anddonts of each process etc Whenever a process or product does not meet the specifications, the process is stopped and the defective products are kept held using a tag called the NCM (Non-Conforming Material) tag To check whether the process is carried out in alignment with the laid down specifications and the basic standard practice The performance of the product are recorded and monitored on a daily basis so that any abnormal deviation can be easily detected and attacked To initiate studies for implementing new systems and procedures on the principle of continuous improvement. FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) is carried out and a control plan is also prepared to ensure that the causes of failure are avoided before they happen Whenever a tool change is done, the relevant parameters are checked by quality Assurance and certification is done before the commencement of production Whenever a new machinery is installed, QA carries out the process of industrialization of machinery, in collaboration with engineering and technical department Audits on suppliers and outside godowns are conducted periodically to ensure that the materials procured are of the required quality and also ensure that they are stored in the manner that does not give room for any determination Slow moving and non-moving items are pass throughed at regular intervals to avoid the material acquiring deteriorated due to prolonged storage and to avoid produci ng material which is not needed in the market.ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTThe functions of Engineering Department are divided into mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, civil and environmental engineer-ing. The main functions are new machinery layout preparation, erecting and commissioning of new machinery, preventive maintenance, breakdown maintenance, condition monitoring and overhauling of machinery and other related equipments. Erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of utility items, generators, boilers, compressors, pumps, freezer lines and cooling towers and maintenance of material handling systems are done by engineering departments. The maintenance of equipments at pump house and allocation of training centers are also done.FIG 2.11FUNCTIONS OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTMECHANICAL MAINTENANCE1. Preventive MaintenanceAll equipments that need preventive maintenance are listed out. It is ensured that the equipment history and manuals are available for all machines. A preve ntive maintenance schedule is prepared after a careful analysis of breakdowns in the machine and based on the person-to-person experience of the maintenance personnel. Preventive maintenance schedule for the particular week is taken and the necessary materials, tools, manpower and spares are arranged. The necessary clearances are obtained from planning and production of equipments and the machine is released for maintenance. The schedule maintenance activities are carried out based on work instructions and experience. Then the machine is checked and handed over to production. Based on the number and nature of breakdowns in each machine during the year, the preventive maintenance schedule reviewed and a new schedule is prepared for the next year.2. Breakdown MaintenanceThe defective machinery is identified either by production or by engineering and a maintenance request is generated. In case of production detecting the flow, production raises the maintenance request and in the case of engineering detecting the flow, engineering raises the maintenance request and arranges for the tools, maintenance personnel and spare parts. Then the machine is released for the maintenance. The required maintenance jobs are carried out and the machine is thoroughly checked. If the maintenance is done, then the machine is handed over to the production. Otherwise the necessary rectifications are done again. Every month, down time analysis is done and permanent corrective actions are initiated in the case of recurring failures.CHAPTER 4FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONSFINDINGSMRF Limited is the leading tyre manufacturing company in India which hasexports over 75 countries across the worldMRF makes tyres for heavy duty trucks, bus, light truck, passenger car to motor cars, scold cars, off the road earth movers, two and three wheelers, farm service and military service lecture about the findings on the infrastructure of the manufacturing plant in Kottayam, there is good working environment for the employeesThe usage of modern and updated technology, in the field of production process gives a cutting edge to the modernization of the companyThe improved quality standards of the company show a tremendous achievement in the tyre industryAll departments are well structuredGood working environment for employeesTeam effort and frankness in their strengthHealth and safety of employees are given importanceTraining programmes and meetings are held afterwardsSUGGESTIONSThe present strategies of the company in various segments should be improvised especially in the case of oscilloscope up a marketing development in the unitThe company should maintain better tie ups with the dealers and subsidiary institutionsMore attractive advertisements in media would help in marketingThe company website should be updated a lotMotivational incentives should be given to the best performers in the organization as it could be the best way to do performance appraisal to figure out if more produ ctivity of the work is being performedIt is better to provide a collaborative system and approach to the current limitations of the work methods and need to support track and achieve the revision workIt is better to diversify MRF products to avoid the limitations of current exportsCHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONMRF has been the authorization market leader and the trend setter in the tyre industry for the last 21 years inspite of the emergence of competitors and their competition. The company has a considerable lead over the arch rivals in the tyre market but has a stiff competition from the other global players. The clinical performance of the company is only because of the combined efforts of management and its employees. MRF has been successful in providing high quality and technology superior products to the customers. Being driven by technology and product innovation, every tyre that comes out is of the highest standards and tested to the toughest conditions to take on any role. Hence it i s clearly visible that the company is in the forefront of the tyre industry and hope that it is discharge to continue the same impact in each segment of the tyre industry for a long time. The organizational study at MRF Limited, Kottayam, which helped me in gaining awareness of the functioning of different department in the unit and give an outlook of the various modes of work being performed at managerial level, middle level and at the bottom level of the organization. The study has helped me to get a clear picture of the objectives and policies of the company and the mission of MRF and that is to maintain market leadership in the long run.

The Struggle for Racial Uplift Essay Example for Free

The Struggle for Racial Uplift Essay* shipwreck survivor. He was caught in the jungles of Africa at a teenage age and has existd his living in captivity ever since. He offshooted out in a zoo-purchased by Walter Sokolow, with whom he learned to communicate telepathically. * casta agencys investigation focused on the issue of captivity-and grew into a more comprehensive exploration of military personnelity. * outcast helps the teller understand his cultural hi fib. Ishmael divides human into 2 groups Leavers and Takers. * Takers ar members who believe you should dominate rootage the planet, then the universe, through technological innovations. Leavers ar members of tribal glosss that live simple, basic rules that find other races on Earth.* Ishmael helps the narrator see that engrossr culture is in freefall, ricochet to crash once you capture got depleted the planet of its biological and environmental resources. * Ishmael extracts the narrator how conglom erate cultural myths have helped shape both cultures. One main myth he disputees is the legend of turn and Eve. -historically this myth was used by Leaver cultures to formulate the expansion of Taker cultures. -Leavers were trying to understand wherefore Takers had false to agriculture and were trying to force their focusing of tone on the Leavers. -Takers had eaten of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and detestation the tree of the gods must eat from in order to know who should live and die. Only to know that that con establishment does not belong to life- form on earth. * Narrator becomes a watcher in Ishmaels honor, in hopes to teach masses about the taker culture and find a new way to live w/others on earth.Character List and outline* Ishmael- they see themselves as superior and removed from the rules that bodily building the evolution and excerpt of other life-forms on the planet. * through his research on human history, hes come to see that they, too, are en wrapped to a destructive way of life in their interest group of domination over the rest of the world. * by means of his studies, Ishmael tries to understand why mankind feel called to dominate the world, and he teaches the explanation hes come up with to his school-age child (the narrator)Narrator* The nameless narrator is Ishmaels fifth student and the only mavin who isnt completely overcome at the end of his appriseion. * Hes open-minded and wields his desire to save the world, though he often finds it difficult to maintain a sense of hope. * Analysis* cultural revolution of the late 1960s * constructing the novel in commencement ceremony person, the reader closely aligns himself with the narrator and can sympathize with the problematic feeling of giving up ones untested dreams * by being both named and renamed, Ishmael gains a stronger sense of himself as an individual. He is not the fiend enemy Goliath- alone rather Ishmael, the cast-off son of Abraham. * Quinns use of biblical allusions for Ishmaels names structure the kind he has with humans. While gaol, hes a goliath, an unkn accept monster. Once hes able to communicate with humans and share their knowledge, he is equal a distant relative, as the offspring of Ishmael are to the offspring of Isaac in the Bible. * why are things the way they are? This question is first presented by Ishmael in his memories of life in the zoo. snap off 1* Rachels mother, who has perpetually resented Ishmaels relationship with her husband and daughter. * When Ishmael moved in the city he became a teacher, his key subject being the issue of captivity. * Ishmael says that, while it may not result if one individual secures the lie, it could alter the world if the entire human population discovered the truth. Analysis al-Qaida to answer the novels central question why are things the way they are? -Ishmael uses rhetorical strategies, such as asking guiding questions and storytelling, to engage his pupil -huma ns are captive to a civilizational system and are futile to see the bars of the cage. social function 2* Ishmael explain The first is that story is the explanation of the relationship between humans, the world, and the gods. * second is that to enact something is to live as if a certain story is a reality. * The troika term he defines is culture, which is a group of wad enacting a story. * start Culture concludes that the Leavers story is the first chapter of humankinds development and the Takers are the second chapter. * narrator insists there is no overarching story or myth that forms his culture. * Greeks did not think of their myths as myths either rather, what are now considered myths were just the stories that structured their lives. Analysis-Quinn associates takers with civilization and leavers with primitive cultures. Additionally, Ishmael provides the narrator with tierce key definitions for story, to enact, and culture. -framework for Ishmaels exploration of Takers an d Leavers, who are groups of people with their own story theyre enacting as a culture. erupt 3* myth contains facts, those facts are arranged in a way that adumbrates the point of the formation of the universe and evolution is the formation of man. Ishmael claims that this is the central idea behind the Takers culture that Earth was do to support human life Analysis- storytelling is essential to the narrators epiphany in this section. -story featuring a jellyfish rather than a human at the end of it, narrator begins to see the difference between fact and myth. Ishmael and the narrator discuss the way culture influences humans, and on the micro level as a means for Ishmael to instruct the narrator. -many of Ishmaels statements to the narrator are in the form of leading questions. cancel 4* Taker Culture, middle of the story is humankinds succession as hunter-gatherers, a time when they were liveliness much as other animals do. * for humankind to achieve its destiny, it had to d iscover agriculture, which provided it with the means of staying in one place and developing civilization and technology. * so why must man do this? Whats the purpose of rising supra the other animals? Ishmael has the narrator imagine an Earth without humans on it * Ishmael helps the narrator see the coterminous part of the story man was put on Earth to rule it, and to do so he had to conquer it.* Taker cultural story suggests that things are the way they are because man had to fulfill his destiny of conquering everything, really things are the way they are because man hasnt become the ruler of the world, nevertheless its destroyer and enemy. Analysis- why are things the way they are evolves in Part 4 through Ishmaels use of imaginative exercises and Socratic dialogue. * Ishmael encourages the narrator to imagine Earth without man. with this creative exercise, the narrator sees the world in a new way and better understands his culture myth. * explain how Takers justify the dest ruction of the worlds natural resources and wildlife, the narrator says that Takers would see this as the price that must be gainful to advance human culture.Part 5* figure out the end of the story. * man has been put on Earth to conquer it, in conquering it hes caused a lot of problems. * but at the end of his story is that humans are inherently flawed and thus will continue to screw up their pursuit of paradise. * Ishmael asks what evidence his culture uses to back up its claim of being flawed, and the narrator admits it only uses its own history. * topic of prophets and asks the narrator why Taker culture is so obsessed with prophets. Analysis- have Culture says humans do not know how to live, so they rely on prophets to tell them what to do. Ishmael foreshadows that the narrator is ready for the next step to see the world through the Leavers eyes, rather than the Takers.Part 6* Mother Culture would suggest that humans are above any law that applies to the rest of life on eart h. * regardless of what Mother Culture says, the law of living applies, and that hell use the resemblance of gravity and flight to explain. * Takers gods tricked the Takers in three ways-the Takers not the center of the universe-humans evolved just like everything else, even though they feel above evolution. -not actually exempt from the laws of life.* even though it feels like flight, and Takers are accelerating toward a crash. Takers in like manner see accustomed attempts at civilization (for example, the Mayans) but nonetheless believe that their attempt will survive because it has worked so far. Analysis -Taker culture it is obedient to a law about living, but it is ignorant of that law and so is ineffectual to see how its doomed to fail. -Newton discovered the law of gravity by observation. Ishmael also builds on this analogy to explain that the only way to understand what laws organisms must live by is by observing living organisms. -Mother Culture tells Takers that theyre above the laws of life, they too are in free fall, and lastly their civilization will also crash due to its inability to follow the laws of life.Part 7* ishmael invites the narrator to imagine himself in a foreign land where everyone is happy * Through more questioning, the narrator discovers he has three guides with which to nail down down the law by which they live -what makes their society successful what people in the society neer do -what a person who has broken the law has done that the others never do. * species of creatures on the planet have followed this rule and prospered it is only that when a portion of humans decided to abandon the law and live beyond it that Earths ecosystems were thrown out of balance. * He realizes that he doesnt want to complete this task, once hes learned Ishmaels lesson hell be left alone again.Analysis-Ishmaels analogy allows the narrator to better see how wildlife also follows similar rules and that Takers have tried to abandon such rules. -n arrator is upset by this proposition as he realizes that, if hes successful, hell eventually no longer be Ishmaels pupil. -What will he become when hes no longer a student?Part 8 (1-6)* takes the narrator four days to figure out the basic laws of life. He returns to Ishmael on the fifth day with his findings. * He says the three basic rules. What they promote? -promotes diversity and survival for the conjunction as a whole since it favors no species above the rest. * Ishmael-ecological principles, when food supplies increase, populations increase. Additionally, when population increases, food decreases and when food decreases, population decreases as well. * increasing populations leads to more and more groups of starving people among the population as a whole. Part 8 (7-10)* The American Heritage Book of Indians, and instructs him to look at the map. * narrator admits theres nothing stopping people from changing geographies, and this helps Ishmael make his key point -there were c ultural and territorial boundaries between the diverse tribes that lived in the Americas prior to the arrival of European settlers. * narrator feels hopeless he thinks no one in Taker culture will be willing to kill off Mother Culture and try another way of life. * Ishmael helps the narrator see that the overarching law is that the world was made for many species to live on, not for one to dominate the rest. * Taker culture. They fill their lives with distractions and drugs to make up for the lack of satisfaction Analysis-Ishmael points out, people in Leaver cultures follow up dramatically fewer cases of addiction and suicide. -Leaver culture might be a key way to change the destructive path Taker culture.Part 9 (1-8)* Taker culture took off with the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution and that it has been cattle ranch ever since. * The Gods were arguing, whether which species should prosper.they decide to eat of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil-soon they had godly power. * Gods were worried knew humans would be tempted to eat of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, and have godly powers too- so they forbid the tree. * story has always remained mysterious to Takers as it doesnt make sense why it should be forbidden. Analysis-explains the roles of gods and humans and the problems that occur when humans take on the role of the gods. -knowledge of the gods, which is the ability to determine what should live and what should die. -differences between the two is their cultural attitudes to the rest of life on the planet.Part 9 (9-11)* Taker destiny, they had to take land from the herders. Ishmael instructs the narrator to read the story of Cain and Abel to better understand how this expansion took shape. * Cain represents the Takers who must kill the Leavers (Abel) in order to expand agricultural production. -Cain and Abel arent actual brothers, but representatives of different human cultures. * Takers, through the spread of Christianity, ca me to adopt a tale that once was used to show their shortcomings as one of their own creation myths.Part 9 (12-17)* in order to understand why the Takers were invading their land and taking it from them, they had to figure out how they got to be the way they are. * the gods, upset with these Takers, had banished them from the garden of life, forcing these people to get their food through the hard work of farming. * Taker perspective, is not the right to have the knowledge of the gods, but the issue of disobedience-story makes much more sense when told from the Leavers perspective. Analysis- Ishmael helps the narrator to see how Leavers saw the Takers as ill-starred -Leavers saw the story of The Fall as the story of the Takers becoming cursed, the Takers saw it as the story of their result -The Fall has evolved not to explain the formation of humans on earth, but the formation of a particular proposition culture -Takers interpretation, he is punished for disobeying the gods, not fo r the knowledge he gained. Takers are able to make the story a tale of hope/tale of warning, as it is for the Leavers Adam has eaten of the gods tree and thus must die.Part 10 (1-4)* sidetracked by work and a dental emergency, causing him to miss several days of meetings with Ishmael. * Ishmael got evicted. * Narrator finds Ishmael in a slideshow carnival. The narrator tries to help Ishmael, but Ishmael doesnt appreciate the narrator butting into his personal life. Analysis Ishmael is cold, distant, and wary of the narrators desire to fix the situation. -thru narrator and Ishmaels dispute. Ishmael learns to distrust humans benevolence and resents his dependency on the kindness of humans in order to have a passable life.Part 10 (5-9)* narrator defines culture as whats passed along from generation to generation. For Leaver cultures, culture has evolved since the start of the species and is passed down Analysis -Takers transmit knowledge of agricultural production over the centuries , constantly expanding and improving on the technology used to grow crops. -Leaver cultures transmit knowledge about living well and the way of life of a specific culture rather than the means of production. -Evolution to explain differences between leaver and taker cultures. -leaver cultural structure evolved allowing their cultural practices to adapt and support their livelihood in the environment in which they find themselves. -Taker Cultural structure responds to its cultural beliefs that man is made to rule the world and that everything in the culture is designed to bring the environment under humankind.Part 11* Mother Culture-technological development * life before the Agricultural Revolution was stately and that to live that way would be reprehensible. * narrator tells Ishmael that while he may have replete food, he doesnt have enough to free himself from the gods Analysis-If offered to go back to hunter-gatherer time- Taker society for that matter, would reject the offer b ecause Mother Culture has taught him that such a lifestyle is intrinsically worse than Taker Culture.Part 12 (1-6)* Still imprisoned and sleepy, Ishmael asks narrator what happens to Leaver cultures that does not happen to Takers? * evolution is what happens because Leavers remain within the community of life. * removing themselves from the rules that govern life on earth, have removed themselves from evolution. * parts role on earth? a guide or role model a figure that sets the standard for how self-aware, intelligent life-forms should act to take in and promote biodiversity. Analysis-Taker culture has removed itself from the chain of evolution by living outside the ecological laws.-focused on the historical events that have resulted in the current state of human dominance on the Earth environmental degradation-Humans should rethink their role to have a positive rather than negative impact on the worlds ecology Part 12 (7-12)* chapter two of the Leavers story-the issue of civili zation. the attitude civilized nations have toward the world. * Ishmael tells him he must be a teacher, for humans minds must change before their actions will. * that all members of Taker culture are imprisoned by a destructive, unfulfilling way of life. And, like any prison, it has ways of distracting inmates so they dont notice the conditions. analytic thinking -Ishmael suggests to the narrator, the only way to change peoples actions is to start with theirminds.-Ishmael reminded the narrator of the ways Mother Culture hides the bars of her prison.-help his chap prisoners see what binds them to their ecologically destructive way of life. Part 13* Ishmael dies.Analysis narrator declension that his self absorption enabled him to see that Ishmael was sick.-With Gorilla Gone, Will There Be Hope for Man? contemplate what action should come next after such philosophical debate and discussion.

Marriage and Divorce in Colonial Korea Essay Example for Free

Marriage and Divorce in Colonial Korea EssayThe expression Where Boys Were Kings, a Shift Toward Baby Girls from The New York Times relays to readers the significant and profound changes in Korean society in relation to preference of female children over their male counterparts in Korean families. In Korea, preference for boys is a centuries old custom and was rooted in part in an agrarian society that relied on sons to do the difficult work on family farms. Men were also accorded special status because they were considered the carriers of the familys all-important bloodline. As Yang mentioned in Korea dates, many people (mostly men) still think that men are sky and women are buck. Under a highly conservative Confucianism based society, these changes in preference of baby girls especially highlights a shift in womens status in Korea.The New York Times provides an example of Ms. Parks situation. Ms. Park is a 61-year-old newspaper executive who has three sons. Only several dec ades ago, women who could reproduce many boys were considered the sublime wife. However, Ms. Park now says that within a generation, I have turned from the luckiest woman possible to a pitiful mother. As seen in Ms. Parks interview in South Korea, one time one of Asias most rigidly patriarchal societies, a centuries-old preference for baby boys is fast receding.This form of significant change started from 1987 when the government banned doctors from revealing the sex of a fetus before kin. Since then, womens status improved each year. As compared to fewer than one out of ten women submission college in 1981, six out of ten did so in 2006. Also in the National Assembly, in one case one of the nations most male-dominated institution, women now hold about 13 percent of the seats, about double the percentage they held just four years ago.As we examined in Yoos article The New Woman and the Politics of Love, Marriage and Divorce in Colonial Korea, there was a time when education, p olitical involvement, and sense of freedoms were limited for women in Korea. For being one of the group of young educated Korean women, I am very proud. For the older generation of women, who have tried to find their true rights as a modern girl, I owe their struggles to my success.

Machine Essay Example for Free

Machine Es showSociety is in only shapes and forms a lie. Consumerism drives our economy, our government, and our lives. As a people we argon amazed and enthralled by the new engine room that has become available to us in recent years. From smart surrounds to 3-d televisions we obtain it all, technology whitethorn as well be an extention of our bodies at this rate, it is creeping in. The speed at which technology has developped is impressive to say the least, we are able to make the blind see, the def hear, or the mute able speak. Computers have connected the world, fount a riches of information to anyone witch access.With the annoucement of a new wearable computer called Google blur we have taken a step forward into the cyborg geezerhood, not only that except we have taken a step into the what get out be known as Surveillance States. We have given the oppurtunity to the government to control us level further. There are many positive and negative developments that c ome with the age of information, like the ease of accesing information from anywhere, to constantly being watched by our government or even to the militirization of these technologies. How could this ask our lives today, and more importantly tomorrow?Mann is an innovator, a man who excels in the field of technology. He had created a portable CD player before they were officially marketed, in time he began working on a portable computer that would allow him to access any of the information he needed. He even created a program that would replace ads on bilboards with things he felt were more important, and that he destinyed to see. Some whitethorn wonder when this technology may be available but the f passage of the matter is, it is available. It is all rough us, Mann began experimenting with portability and computer in 1987.It is now the year 2013, and the technology has developped at an exponential rate, with the release of Google Glass we will be able to live the way Mann lived, replacing ads we dont want to see with other things that interest us. some other thing this technology will allow us to accomplish is having a better understanding of dissabilities, and how we buttocks correct them that is to say giving a blind individual the ability of sight. Weve had the technologies to accomplish these feats for some time, but is only until now that we have seen them begin to surface.Not everything about these technological advancements are good, although they may seem that way we must always think about the way this tech raise change our lives, potentially for the worst. With the route government is taking these technologies might end up being used against us, inventions like Google Glass will permit the government to have 24/7 surveillance of everything we do. Countries have slowly been bit into Surveillance states, all illusions of privacy are slowly being taken away and we are doing nonentity to change this.The population has been made docile, we sit a t home on computers and walk around with phone in hand while the world around us closes in slowly suffocating us until we can no longer catch our breath. Soon enough all of this technology will be implemented into our bodies, turning us into, basically, cyborgs. Can we transmit to live life like Mr. Roboto, becoming the groundbreaking man. Imagine seeing Robocop prowling the streets for miscreants while we all access our own personal HUD the song that is playing.These are the things we can come to expect, along with a number of severe problems cyber terrorism, iruss, trojan horses, key stroke programs (that is to say, in this context, a program able to acces your mind and watch everything you do). How will these issues be resolved is a mystery as it is nearly impossible to eradicate and keep up with the number of programs that are being made even today. Will the human race become more machine than man? Can we still distribute ourselves human if we are made up of more computer and metal then we are of word form? How will we experience life differenty? Do we really want to take this direction with technologie, considering the repercussions of such an act and the sacrifice involved?It may be safe to say that we may be going as well far. Although the technological advancements we are creating are phenomenal we cannot expect them to be used to only improve our lives it is a well known fact that the human race is a self-destructive creature, and seems to be addicted to purpose new and more efficient ways to kill eachother. That being said the technological era we are moving into brings a great many benefits to society, and to the army. The militirization of these innovations will be inevitable. This can be both seen as good and bad, depending on your point of view.War often incites change and pumps up the economy, although with these technologies we will be experiencing a different kind of war, one that could quite possibly affect us all. What will happen to th ese technologies in the coming years is somewhat of a mystery, perhaps Johny Mnemonic will be the world of tomorrow, those who chose to augment themselves versus those who did not. This technology brings a number of opportunities to better our lives, we will be able to improve our life nosepiece and cure more illness and disease, amputees will be able to live normally and those with ental dissabilities may be cured with the use of microchips.With the direction we are taking concerning technology we will have to come to expect that the government will take advantage of these technologies, with profit in mind, and it is very likelly that the uneven distribution of wealth and power will be easily distinguishable in the world of tomorrow. It is impossible to know but what the future holds and so we must simply do what we can today, to ensure that tomorrow is the way we want it too be. With that said, how far away are we from being able to see into the future?

A study on gender differences in computer science Essay Example for Free

A study on sex activity differences in computer wisdom EssayA study on g intercepter differences in computer science field found that despite males and effeminates unveiling kindergarten with an equal baron in everyplaceall mathematics and science performance levels, there was an observable gender gap in mathematics and science by the end of 5th grade (Varma 2010, p. 303). By the end of 5th grade, students perceive that mathematics, science, and computing is for white males (Clewell Braddock 2000, p.90). This trend place by Varma (2010, p.303) continues from 5th grade through to high school graduation, resulting in males and egg-producing(pre zero(prenominal)inal)s entering university with different achievement levels in mathematics and science (Varma 2010, p.303). repayable to the differing achievement levels, males predictably had a higher confidence level and positive attitude than females (Varma 2010, p.303). Doube and Lang (2012, p. 66) found that males had a highe r self-concept in obeisance fields than females despite an equivalent and sometimes showtimeer level of achievement. Females low confidence level could also deter them from selecting and persisting in computing courses (Doube Lang 2012, p.66). Vitores and Gil-Ju atomic lean 18z (2016, p.666) found there is a decline in the human action of women selecting computing and information technology (IT) degree programs across the world. Women found their teachers intuitions of female students to be generally lower than those of the male students which also resulted in a decrease in effrontery and an increase in anxiety toward their field of study (Beyer et al. 2005, p.393).Due to insufficient training and unequal violence to male and female students, one significant factor for cultural reproduction is teachers being held responsible for proceed the belief that males dominate the mathematics, science and computing fields (Varma 2010, p.302) giving status to science and technology ( Male, furnish Murray 2009, p.456). Male (2010, p.462) suggests that in order to improve the retention of female engineering students, engineering administrators must inquire the existing assumed gender neutral cultures rather than making women fit the current structure. Varma (2010, p.314) suggests teachers in ancient and high school need to improve their style of teaching instead of continuing the belief that females are more suited to humanities, social sciences and arts and males are suited to mathematics, sciences, and computing.Another significant factor for cultural reproduction is the lack of significant female place models in computing which would help to change the perception of stereotypes in the field from geeky or nerdy (Varma 2010, p.303). Stereotypes such(prenominal)(prenominal) as antisocial geeks and having a career that doesnt gestate or value personal skills or a career that doesnt necessarily help others has been identified as a deterrent to female involveme nt in the computing discipline (Doube Lang 2012, p.66). Sorby (2007, p.2) proposes that female role models and mentors will be important to increasing gender diversity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics due to women in male-dominated professions reporting they felt threatened by negative stereotypes.Researchers have found that 3D spatial skills such as mentally rotating objects in space are critical to success in a intermixture of careers, particularly in engineering and science (Sorby 2007, p.1). Several researchers have published evidence to suggest that female spatial skills are greatly behind that of a male (Sorby 2007, p.2). One theory is that spatial ability is related to a male sex hormone, however, the skill is most likely due to a number of factors such as pre-university activities requiring hand-eye coordination such as playing with construction toys, high school classes like snoop/woodwork, playing computer games and sports (Sorby 2007, p.2). Sorby (2 007, p.2) states that since most of those activities have a fairly high degree of gender persuade favoring men, it is no wonder that the spatial skills of women often fall behind those of their male peers.In conclusion, meritocracy is not the savvy a greater number of males study the Science, engineering, Technology and Mathematics (STEM) field over females. The lower number of females in higher education STEM enrolments could be due to teachers continuing the belief that males dominate the mathematics, science and computing fields, a lack of role models for women resulting in low confidence and anxiety in this field, stereotypes such as nerds and geeks deterring women from enrolling and gender bias with pre-university activities which dont allow women to develop the same skills useful to the STEM field. All of these factors could contribute toward males believing they are better suited to the STEM field, resulting in higher enrolments over females.4102.0 Australian Social Trend s 2012, Education Differences between Men and Women, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 6 October 2017, http//www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/emailprotected/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Sep+2012higher(prenominal)Barnett, S 2007, Complex Questions Rarely Have Simple Answers, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. iii.Doube, W Lang, C 2012, Gender and Stereotypes in Motivation to Study Computer Programming for Careers in multimedia, Computer Science Education, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 63-78.Male, S, Bush, M Murray, K 2009, Think Engineer, Think Male?, European daybook of Engineering Education, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 455-464.Sorby, S 2007, Developing 3D Spatial Skills for Engineering Students, Australasian ledger of Engineering Education, vol. 13, no.1, pp. 1-12.Varma, R 2010, Why So Few Women Enroll in Computing? Gender and Ethnic Differences in Students Perception, Computer Science Education, vol. 20 no. 4, pp.301-316.Vitores, A Gil-Juarez, 2016, The Trouble with W omen in Computer a Critical Examination of the Deployment of Research on the Gender Gap in Computer Science, Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 666-680.

Application of Anthropological Concepts Essay Example for Free

performance of Anthropological Concepts EssayConcepts in anthropology, especi tout ensembley those which describe, predict, explain, and evaluate the behavior of groups or categories of people are termed as general or explanatory conceits. Kinship, marriage, religion, turn tail, class, and language are some of the general concepts being studied in the field of anthropology. In a way, general concepts can also be used to create models that forget facilitate hypothesis testing. In essence, this type of concept is generally a medium of creating specific concepts concepts which reconcile a part of a general phenomenon. One may argue that it is difficult to delineate the barrier between a general and a specific concept. However, it should be noted that general concepts represent realities magnify by the rigours of scientific investigation. In some cases, general concepts are known as ideal types (although this is fairly incorrect since ideal types are measurements of existing placements although derived from it). In this essay, cardinal academic articles or books will be presented to highlight some important concepts applied in the study of anthropology.The first article is a refreshen of Bronis police force of nature Malinowski ethnographic study in the Trobriand Islands. This article focuses on the general effect of kinship to the latent system of a preliterate society and vice-versa. The general thesis of Malinowski study is summed up as follows Kinship determines the organize of law law determines the grammatical construction of the society. His thesis will be explained in detailed in the succeeding(a) pages. The second article is an ethnographic study of Indian reservations in the United States. Race is the central concept in this article.The thesis of the article is modernization in the United States erased the Indian notion of race as embodiment of cultural identity. Kinship and Law Firth (1980), in his review of Bronislaw Malinowski stud y on the Trobriand Islands, identified two types of laws civil law and criminal law. The first one is positive law governing all the phases of tribal life. The second type is made up of rules safeguarding such institutions as chieftainship, inmarriage, rank, and marriage. Thus, the civil law, in contrast to criminal, is the law obeyed and not the law broken (Firth, 198073).The creation of a law system in the Trobriand Islands, according to Malinowski, is essentially based on kinship. The system of law was created to foster greater solidarity among kin or family members. This was later extensive to clans outside the immediate kin. Thus, the first type of law (civil) was essentially created out of this purpose. Formal rules governing chieftainship, rank, marriage, and exogamy were essentially derivations of the former. According to Malinowski, since the law was created to maintain kinship ties, it has therefore four senses.Here are as follows (1) the law of cultural determinism, (2 ) the law or rule of native conduct, (3) the law of order and maintenance, and (4) the mechanisms of law when breakout occurs. In essence, these senses of the law determine the shape or form of preliterate societies. In general, kinship and law are highly associated concepts since they determine the outcome of social relationships. Specifically, according to Malinowski, societies as old as those set up in the Trobriand Islands do not need a definite set of laws to define its kinship structure since rules are essentially derived from kin systems.Race and Modernity Lynch (1974), in his ethnographic study on Indian reservations, argued that the modernization process occurring in the reservations was generally dangerous for the whole Indian community in the United States. The dangers are as follows 1) The basic assumptions of Indian-American culture are radically changing. For example, close family ties are turn absent in some Indian reservations 2) Race assumptions are also changing . In the past, race for Indians signify to common cultural identity. Nowadays, American Indians associate race with stereotype labeling of an oppressed minority. In short, the term race was used to convey a glorious statement of cultural identity in the past in contrast to its derogatory sense nowadays. 3) And, the modernization process is creating mediums for racial diversity. For example, before 1960, it was illegal for Indians to work in mines unless certified by the Employment Bureau (this had been eliminated in the late 1960s, although Indians still face the insecurity and discrimination in the workplace).The author concluded that the modernization process of Indian reservations in the United States had been based on false assumptions assumptions derived from the West. According to him, it provided a glimpse of their future as well, a glimpse made all the more comforting to the West by the assurance it gave path to modernity (Lynch, 1974186). References Man and Culture An paygrade of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski. 1980. Ed Raymond Firth. Britain Redwood Burn Limited. Rethinking Modernization. Ed. John Poggie and Robert Lynch. 1974. Political Modernization in a endemic American Community. Connecticut Greenwood Press.

Habitat and Animals Essay Example for Free

Habitat and Animals EssayLittle care or theme was given to dodderylife, or the delicate nature of their home ground as Urban Sprawl moved on with the progress of the times. This is back up by the opinion offered by Authors Emel and Wolch, in their book titled Animal Geographies Place, Politics and Identity, They arouse that The 1980s cost of sprawl debate made no mention of wildlife habitat, and the adherents to the so called new urbanism and sustainable cities movements of the 1990s rarely define sustainability in relation to the animals(5). Quoting statistics researched, amassd, and available at Smart Growth America.com, Authors Hapke, Goodwin, Pulsipher and Pulsipher solid ground that In the United States Urban Sprawl eats up 2 acres a minute- A meg acres a year- including 400,000 acres of land that is especially well suited for high case specialty crops. Urban Sprawl is now an issue in virtually all parts of northern America (6). Quoting Vitousek (1997) and Mar zluff and Hamel (2001), reservoirs Johnson and Klemens explain that the destruction of animal habitat occurs because Humans alter the earths natural landscape in three main ways Through agriculture, natural resource extraction, and urban and rural settlement (7) .thither is immediate habitat loss as an area is developed, as noted almost one million acres per year are consumed. As humans take over and develop, the wildlife is displaced, and deprived of the habitat because it has been born-again for use, and is no longer suitable to sustain life. Pollution, and the introduction of non indigenous invasive plant species enter the habitat as well, after humans move in to an area. (5) Emel Jody, Wolch Jennifer. Animal Geographies Place, Politics, and Identity in the character-culture Borderlands, Edition illustrated, published by Verso, 1998, p.132. (6) Hapke Holly M, Goodwin Conrad Mac, Pulsipher Lydia Mihelic, Pulsipher Alex. World Regional Geography Global Patterns, Local Lives. Ed ition 3, illustrated, produce by Macmillan, 2005. p. 81. (7) Johnson Elizabeth Ann. Klemens Michael W. Nature in Fragments The Legacy of Sprawl. Edition illustrated, Published by Columbia University Press, 2005. p. 19. 3 Many researchers agree with author John Kistler that Habitat loss is the single most important factor in the destruction of wild species(8).Imagine developers go in with big bulldozers, and dump trucks, and destroy the natural landscape without a thought to the population of animals that bequeath be displaced. Without concerns about rare plant and animal species that may be at risk of extinction. It used to be as man moved in, the animals would move out, to nearby untouched areas with equal forage and water to survive. Johnson and Klemens point out that today However, as sprawl converts more land to development, at that place are few or no adjacent undeveloped lands to meet these needs(9).Now a come along highways that pass close to any major development site s that are currently under construction, will reveal the fate of many of the dislocated inhabitants. Dead deer, coyotes, fox, racoons, hawks, and a multitude of other species are strewn along the roadside daily. Quoting Clevenger and (2001) and Forman (2003), in a paper prepared by professor Michael Starr, and students at Southern Illinois University, attempting to compile data on road kill occurrences earths that It is undoubtedly true that the number of road-killed animals has been increasing through the historic period until the last decade, very few scientific studies had been conducted to assess this assumption(10). Based on data compiled by report accidents with cars, and quoting Forman (2003), The SIUE paper introduced that It has been conservatively estimated that 1 million deer alone are killed each year on the nations roads(11).These numbers are reported road kills involving car damage, the numbers of smaller species no doubt are astronomical, if a number could be ass igned. (8) Kistler John. Animal Rights A Subject Guide, Bibliography, and Internet mate Edition illustrated, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. p 145. (9)Johnson Elizabeth Ann. Klemens Michael W. Nature in Fragments The Legacy of Sprawl. Edition illustrated, Published by Columbia University Press, 2005. p. 30. (10) (11) Starr Michael J. Surveying For Small Road-Killed Animals Along Rural Roads And State Highways http//www. siue. edu/GEOGRAPHY/RoadKill. htm. SIUE part of Geography. Feb. 2006. 4 States with most population growth had largest permanent loss of rural land Average low-population-growth state lost less than a third the rural land as average high-population growth state http//www. sprawlcity. org/charts_usda/us_6. html